<p>Clock Farm is a historic farmstead at the corner of Maine State Route 9 and Goose Rocks Road in Kennebunkport, Maine. Although it has a history dating to the 1770s, it is most notable  for its early 20th-century purpose-built clock tower, which adorns the barn at one end of the connected complex. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Clock Farm is a rambling extended farm complex, set at the northern side of the junction of Goose Rocks Road and Maine State Route 9 in a rural northern part of Kennebunkport. The main house, at the southernmost end of the complex, is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure with a side gable roof and a pair of gabled dormers. A two-story ell extends to its rear, and a series of single-story ells connect it a pair of barns, one set behind the other at the northern end of the complex. The one closest to the street has a square cupola with ventilator at the center of its roof line, with a tall square clock tower set on the ridge line in front of the cupola. The tower has clock faces with Roman numerals on each side. The rear barn also has a square cupola. The most predominant architectural style of this assemblage of buildings is the Greek Revival.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of this complex, probably one of its ells, was built about 1773 by Peter Johnson. Its intervening history is not documented, but the complex was acquired in the late 19th century as a summer residence by Thomas Lemmons, owner of a factory in Lawrence, Massachusetts. The story associated with the clock is that originally was mounted on his factory, but kept such bad time that his employees complained. In the early 20th century Emmons had the tower specially built to house the clock, which was transported here from Lawrence. It has since that time been a local landmark and architectural curiosity.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sefton  is a mountain in the Aroarokaehe Range of the Southern Alps of New Zealand, just 12 km south of Aoraki / Mount Cook. To the south lies Mount Brunner, and to the north The Footstool, both more than 400 m shorter.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is prominently visible from Mount Cook Village in the Hooker Valley, with Tuckett Glacier flowing down the south-eastern side of the mountain and Mueller Glacier in the valley below it. With a height of 3,151 m, Mount Sefton is the 13th-highest peak in the Southern Alps, and the 4th-highest mountain in New Zealand when excluding peaks of little prominence that are closer than a kilometre to a higher peak.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas River (formerly known as the Twain River) begins on Mount Sefton.</p><br>
<p>An early resident, Charles French Pemberton, named the area, whilst the geologist Julius von Haast named the mountain after William Sefton Moorhouse, the second Superintendent of Canterbury Province. The Māori name of the mountain is Maukatua, which translates as mountain of the gods.</p><br>
<p>Edward FitzGerald, with Matthias Zurbriggen as his guide, completed the first recorded climb to the summit shortly after Christmas 1894.</p><br>
<p>The Ontario State Bank Block was a historic commercial building located at 300 South Euclid Avenue in Ontario, California. The building, completed in 1887, was composed of three sections, and had a design which incorporated elements of the Eastlake and Queen Anne styles. The design included a corner turret, several gables along the roof line, and a variety of different window styles; it originally had three prominent oriel windows in the gable peaks above the banks original section, and also had a set in the second section of the block. Decorative features included corbelled brickwork and carved wooden pilasters and brackets. The Ontario State Bank, which opened with the building, was the first bank in Ontario and an important early business center for the city. The building also housed several other shops, including E.H. Richardsons Pacific Electric Heating Company, which invented the Hotpoint electric iron and brought national attention to Ontario.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 8, 1982. It was later demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Château du Bois-Rouaud is a historic castle in Chéméré, Loire-Atlantique, France.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1905 to the design of architect Alfred Coulomb. The grounds were designed by Édouard André and his son, René Édouard André.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, the former dadoes of the Jockey-Club de Paris were moved to the drawing-room in this castle.</p><br>
<p>Marquess Jacques Le Clerc de Juigné, a politician, inherited this castle from his uncle, where he spent some time with his wife, Madeleine Le Clerc de Juigné, an heiress to the Schneider-Creusot fortune. However, they resided at the Château de Juigné in Juigné-sur-Sarthe.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural signifiance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed as an official historical monument by the French Ministry of Culture since 2001.</p><br>
<p>Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator is a heritage-listed former incinerator at 10A Milford Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Walter Burley Griffin and built from 1936 to 1940. It is also known as The Incinerator Theatre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Incinerator Theatre, situated in Queen&#39;s Park, Ipswich and opened in 1969, was converted from a 1936 refuse incinerator designed by Walter Burley Griffin for the city of Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>Architect Walter Burley Griffin was born and educated in America and graduated from the renowned school of architecture at the University of Illinois in 1899. Between 1901 and 1906 he was an associate of the famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright. In 1911 he entered a design competition for the future capital of Australia. His winning entry served as the basis for the design of Canberra and Griffin moved to Australia where he designed a number of significant buildings such as the Capitol Theatre in Melbourne and the Sydney suburb of Castlecrag. During the Great Depression, work for architects was severely reduced and Griffin and his partner, Eric Milton Nicholls, gained the bulk of their work from designs for municipal incinerators. These utilised the reverberatory system patented by Australian engineer John Boadle. The Reverberatory Incinerator Company constructed twelve incinerators in the eastern states, all of distinctive design. Only six are believed to survive, none of them as incinerators. The construction of the Ipswich incinerator was supervised by local architect George Brockwell Gill and was opened in 1936. It is the only building designed by Walter Burley Griffin in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>To implement the processing of rubbish, the incinerator was built into a hill to allow road access to the top and bottom of the building. On the upper level, trucks carrying rubbish backed in through roller doors and dumped their cargo into hoppers. The refuse was then raked into two burning chambers. Unburned residue was doused with water then hauled by electric motor to an area to the west of the incinerator. The building was initially designed with one chimney, but adding a second work unit and chimney in 1940 extended its capacity. As Griffin was by then dead, it is assumed that his partner, Eric Nicholls, designed these.</p><br>
<p>The incinerator was designed to process the rubbish generated by a city of 20,000 people, but by 1960 the population of Ipswich was twice this number. Moreover, by this time it was no longer thought environmentally appropriate to dispose of rubbish by burning. Use of the incinerator was therefore discontinued and as the empty building began to be targeted by vandals, in 1965 the council considered demolishing it. Many people wished to see the building retained and a symposium sponsored by the Ipswich Chamber of Commerce supported its preservation. The Ipswich branch of the Arts Council approached the Ipswich City Council who agreed to grant them a short-term lease providing that a viable use for the building was found. Following several renewals of this lease, in 1969, the Ipswich Little Theatre decided that the building should be converted to an intimate theatre and contributed financially to this project.</p><br>
<p>The Ipswich Little Theatre is a community theatre formed in 1946 after the pattern of the Little Theatre movement in Britain. Amateur theatre has been important in the development of Australian drama as it provided an opportunity for local playwrights to be heard, as professional theatres tended to stage British and American productions. When commercial theatre declined during the Depression, amateur dramatic societies became a significant part of the cultural life of Australia, being the only form of live performance accessible to a large section of the community. They have been and still are a training ground for actors, playwrights, directors and designers and have given the public an opportunity to hear locally written drama. Ipswich Little Theatre has always fostered local writers although they have also produced Australian and imported plays.</p><br>
<p>Since its inception, the need for a cheap and readily available venue for meetings, rehearsals and performances had been a constant problem. Initially, the society used the CWA clubrooms, the Cambrian Hall and the Old Ipswich Town Hall for performances with meetings and rehearsals held at various places including private homes. Once the society began to acquire scenery, props etc. the need for a permanent venue became more pressing and a fund for this purpose was started in the mid 1950s. Progress received a setback when television arrived and eroded the interest of the public in live theatre. In 1966 the Little Theatre moved to the 4IP building in Brisbane Street. Performances were held at the Town Hall. However, in 1969 this closed and was no longer available as a venue.</p><br>
<p>In this year the Incinerator was converted into a theatre seating about 80 people. The conversion was effected by using the chimney end of the building, previously thought of as the rear, as the entrance. Engineer Ian Pullar, a member of the Little Theatre, carried out the design and planning. Changes made to effect the conversion included adding an entrance balcony with removable railings, toilets and changing rooms, fire escapes and a covered outdoor area. A rubbish hopper was removed to create a stage area and scenery tower and the space previously used for machinery was converted into an auditorium. The theatre was opened on 22 November 1969 by the Ipswich Little Theatre Company as the Incinerator Theatre.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 when the Ipswich Branch of the Arts Council went into indefinite recess a new group comprising ILT members and members of the community was formed to continue conversion of the incinerator and promotion of cultural activities. In 1977 ILT took over the lease and responsibility for the building. The available space was not quite adequate and in 1982 a new building designed by Graham Killoran and named the Jean Pratt building was constructed nearby for meetings, rehearsals and storage. The pressed aluminium roof provided to the incinerator in 1966 proved unsatisfactory and was replaced by tiles in 1988. A paved courtyard was created. The first conversion work to the incinerator had provided only primitive facilities and a new amenities building designed by Bruce Buchanan Architects was opened in 1994 to provide better catering facilities and public toilets. The Ipswich Little Theatre Society currently has a twenty-year lease from the Ipswich City Council</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The incinerator is in a landscaped setting within Queens Park. The original building comprises two interlocking gable-roofed brick structures partially set into a hillside. The section to the east is four storeys high and that to the west two storeys high. An additional chimney stands alongside the building. The design includes moulded brickwork and concrete dressings but has fewer decorative elements than Griffins other incinerators. The floors are concrete and the roof timber framed and clad with tiles. The theatre is entered by steps going up onto the flue between the chimneys and the stage has been installed at the far end in the tipping area. The lowest floor level behind the stage has facilities for the actors including a small kitchen. The level above this has dressing rooms and toilets and the top level, where trucks entered, is now used for the storage of scenery flats.</p><br>
<p>A rehearsal building has been constructed to the west of the incinerator and is a single storey brick building known as the Jean Pratt Building.</p><br>
<p>Immediately to the north of the former incinerator is a single storey concrete kitchen and amenities block built in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The construction, use, expansion and eventual obsolescence of the former Ipswich municipal incinerator demonstrates a growing concern with public health during the twentieth century and of the civic programs undertaken to promote it. In its secondary use as a community theatre the building also provides evidence for the contribution made by the Little Theatre movement to the growth of cultural life in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former incinerator is one of only six surviving examples of the twelve incinerators of this type built in Australia. It is also the only example of the work of architect Walter Burley Griffin in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Although the former incinerator was intended as an industrial building, it is also aesthetically pleasing in its form and setting and was sufficiently well regarded by the community to trigger a campaign to preserve it. Its aesthetic qualities have been important to the success of its recycling as a venue for the performing arts.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As the first permanent home of the Ipswich Little Theatre Society, the building has a special connection with this community theatre which has made an important contribution to the cultural life of Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former incinerator has a special association with the life and works of Walter Burley Griffin, illustrating a phase of his career and being as the only work by this architect in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>North Ipswich Railway Workshops is a heritage-listed former Australian railway workshop at North Street, North Ipswich, Queensland. It was built from 1878 to 1980s. It is also known as the Workshops Rail Museum. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 April 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Unlike other colonies, the first railway in Queensland started from a provincial town, Ipswich, instead of from the capital city, Brisbane. The rationale was that transport between Brisbane and Ipswich was already adequately serviced by the Brisbane River, and the most urgent need was to improve transport between Ipswich and the productive Darling Downs region.</p><br>
<p>The construction contract was awarded to well-known British contractor Peto, Brassey and Betts. Work started in early 1864 and the first section of line was opened in 1865, gradually extending to the Darling Downs and eventually further west. The line between Ipswich and Brisbane was completed in 1875. The first workshops were also built in Ipswich on the southern end of the present site. Construction materials ordered from Britain arrived by ship in Brisbane, then were brought to Ipswich by paddle steamer.</p><br>
<p>The early workshop buildings included two pre-fabricated "erecting shops" which had been sent out from England; they had cast iron frames with wrought iron roof trusses and were clad with corrugated zinc. These buildings no longer exist.</p><br>
<p>A number of other buildings were then constructed by local contractors. In 1878-79, the Railway Store Building was erected by Ipswich contractors McGregor and Brown; this is the only building on the southern part of the site which is still standing and it is now used as the Railway Historical Centre (R1). The last of the other early buildings was demolished in 1910. Some components such as roof trusses appear to have been re-used, for example in the Westinghouse Brake and Spray Paint Shed (R48).</p><br>
<p>The North Ipswich Railway Workshops were initially required to carry out assembly and maintenance only, as the first locomotives used in Queensland were imported from Britain. In 1865, the North Ipswich Railway Workshops built its first item of rolling stock, an engine truck. Ten wagons were built in 1866. The Workshops advanced rapidly and in 1877, built its first locomotive, an A10 class constructed mainly from existing spare parts. The workshops would eventually build 218 steam locomotives, the last a DD17 class in 1952.</p><br>
<p>Although the Railway Workshops were at North Ipswich, Ipswich station was in the centre of the town, on the southern side of the river. The line from the station passed over a combined rail/road bridge across the Bremer River. It then passed through the Workshops site, continued beside the river, crossed Mihi Creek and Ironpot Creek and then passed through Wulkuraka en route to Grandchester and eventually the Darling Downs. The section of line within the Workshops still exists, although the original materials appear to have been replaced.</p><br>
<p>As activity at the Workshops increased, the site became cramped, providing no room for further expansion. Additional land was obtained adjacent and to the north of the original site.</p><br>
<p>Six substantial buildings plus some smaller timber sheds were completed in the 1880s but the construction program then stopped. Although only a few of the planned buildings were completed, they were arranged in a formal row and this set the basic future layout of the workshops. Financial restrictions and uneasiness about the site after the severe flooding of 1893 seem to have delayed further construction.</p><br>
<p>Work continued in the workshop buildings at both ends of the sites. This was inconvenient and the buildings were still not adequate for the volume of work. After two accidents in the late 1890s, a Court of Inquiry was held and recommended that the workshops should be "enlarged, extended and equipped with most modern tools and appliances."</p><br>
<p>William Nisbet, formerly General Manager of the Westinghouse Brake Company of Australia, was appointed to handle the expansion.</p><br>
<p>Up to this time, the buildings constructed had been relatively small; they were rather narrow and were to a great extent general purpose buildings. The existing workshops staff recognised the problems that existed and were planning for modern equipment (e.g. they had already considered use of a traverser) but they were still thinking on a small scale. Nisbet, with his wider experience, seems to have had the vision to plan for future growth with buildings that were larger, capable of being equipped with larger equipment such as huge overhead cranes and capable of a more efficient work-flow.</p><br>
<p>The major decision in modernisation was to use electricity, so a power house (R.10) was a key new building. To improve the layout of buildings, a traverser was installed to move equipment between sheds.</p><br>
<p>Other major construction during the 1900 expansion period include the huge Boiler Shop, (R.14), Carriage and Wagon Shop (R.12) and Machine and Erecting Shop (R.13)on the southern side of the traverser, and a new Smithy (R.7), Store (R.6), Foundry (R.8), Forge and Pattern Shop (R.9) on the northern side. Buildings such as the Blacksmiths Shop (R.7) and the Foundry (R.8) were about three times bigger than the earlier buildings. Some of the construction work was done by contract but some was also done by day labour with up to 360 men employed, the average being 100.</p><br>
<p>After the major building program of the 1900s, some building work continued, mostly timber buildings for ancillary purposes rather than major new shops. The most prominent visually was the Time-keepers Office (R.17) at the front gates in North Street. Drafting and administrative offices (R.24) were built and a dining room (R.16)was set up for employees. To make the workshops more self-sufficient, the output of the sawmill was expanded so sawn timber did not have to be purchased.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, about 300 of the 1,600 employees were engaged in production of munitions, particularly shell casings made using BHP steel.</p><br>
<p>Two other events in this period gave prominence to the workshops. In April 1918, an experimental smelting of iron ore from Biggenden was carried out using the moulders furnaces.</p><br>
<p>In December 1919, the Vickers Vimy aircraft of Ross and Keith Smith broke down near Charleville after completing the first flight from England to Australia by an Australian crew. North Ipswich Railway Workshops repaired the engine. New connecting rods were forged and machined and the crankcase, damaged when the rods broke, was repaired. A new propeller was also made from Queensland maple.</p><br>
<p>When World War II began in 1939, the workshops were again involved in wartime production. A 30-ton casting, the largest ever made at the workshops, was produced in 1942.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, the Australian Government set up a munitions factory at Rocklea. Tools for accurate mass-production were required for the factory and the Australian Government entered into a joint arrangement with the Queensland Government to build a new Tool and Gauge Shop (R.19 & R.20) at North Ipswich Railway Workshops. The Acting Prime Minister stated that the Railway Workshops was chosen rather than a site near the Rocklea factory because the long-term benefits to Queensland would be greater. He said that Queensland had little industry involving mass-production because of the high initial cost of "tooling-up" and he hoped that the new shop would act as a catalyst for post-war industry. In 1944, an x-ray plant was commissioned for the Boiler Shop to detect flaws in casting and welding.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, very little new construction could be carried out at North Ipswich Railway Workshops and in the immediate post-war period, Queensland was faced with ageing stock and little immediate capacity for new production. An inquiry recommended that new workshops should be built in the Rockhampton and Townsville areas, and that a new workshop should be built in south-eastern Queensland for locomotive construction and repair, leaving North Ipswich Workshops to cater for carriages and wagons. It was also decided that future rolling stock would be steel where ever possible, a decision which reduced the need for large sawmills at the North Ipswich Railway Workshops.</p><br>
<p>At this time, land was available in the Ipswich suburb of Redbank where a huge army camp had recently been de-commissioned. The Redbank Railway Workshops eventually opened in 1958. Although it was originally intended for steam locomotive production and repair, its construction coincided with the change to diesel and it became the centre for diesel locomotives. In 1965, the Foundry and Pattern Shops were transferred from Ipswich to Redbank. In 1995, a complete relocation of remaining activity from North Ipswich to Redbank commenced.</p><br>
<p>New buildings constructed at the North Ipswich Railway Workshops since 1950 include an Apprentice Training Centre built in 1955; a new sawmill commissioned in 1968; a Plan Printing building completed in 1979; a new training centre built in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The closure of the workshops lead to their redevelopment as the Workshops Rail Museum, one of the campuses of the Queensland Museum. The museum opened in August 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The North Ipswich Railway Workshops is a place which contains an extensive complex of buildings and linking rail tracks constructed between 1878 and the present day.</p><br>
<p>A considerable number of these have architectural merit those constructed between 1884 and 1905 were a result of the first major expansion to the northern end of the site in the 1880s and further development resulting from criticisms levelled by an 1899 Inquiry into two boiler accidents.</p><br>
<p>These buildings include the gable ended brick structures to the north of the Traverser, which although simple and robust industrial buildings, are carefully articulated and detailed in the late Victorian style with bold use of brickwork in projecting plinths, pilasters, corbels, dentil courses and string courses. Some buildings such as the Bogie Repair Shop and Blacksmiths&#39; Shop feature the restrained use of coloured brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The large main entrance doorways are generally round arch openings symmetrically placed in gable ends and often flanking a smaller central window. Long side window and door openings are generally of the segmental arch headed type with multi-pane windows in carefully detailed cast iron frames, astragals, and pivoting sections. Door and window dressings are a combination of Helidon freestone, brickwork, or cement render usually with restrained use of coloured brick or stone voussoirs and keystones, raking arches and label moulds.</p><br>
<p>In the early years of the twentieth century, well designed and finely detailed industrial brick structures such as the Power House, Erecting and Boiler Shops were constructed, completing the intended lateral expansion along the northern and southern sides of the Traverser. These buildings continued the style of the 1880s buildings, some with affinities to Romanesque detail. The final result, when viewed along the strong central axis of the Traverser, is a streetscape of robust brick industrial buildings. Each facade exhibits subtle variations on a simple architectural theme, and although the roof lines vary from simple pitched roofs to extensive saw tooth profiles, there is a great subtlety of scale and material texture which is aesthetically pleasing and impressive.</p><br>
<p>The influence of quality engineering practice, upon the designs for the North Ipswich Railway Workshops is clearly evident in the drawings and specifications produced at this time.</p><br>
<p>The timber buildings from the 1910–1920 period, such as the Dining Rooms and Chief Mechanical Engineers Office are of the simple Federation Bungalow type. The Timekeepers Office at the entry to the Workshops is a two-storey timber structure with outsized roof ventilators, which makes a self- conscious architectural statement.</p><br>
<p>The Tool and Gauge Shop and Metrology Laboratory built in the 1930s and 40s are severely geometric structures of the Functionalist style of architecture, with plain facebrick walls, metal framed and louvre windows set in walls with horizontal parapets devoid of decoration.</p><br>
<p>A number of major extensions were made to the original buildings fronting the Traverser, between the years 1910 and 1950. In the main these were simple industrial structures with a steel frame and corrugated galvanised iron cladding. These buildings were built with function and price rather than style as the primary criteria. They are essentially the same as numerous other industrial buildings and railway workshop buildings such as Rockhampton, Launceston, South Maitland and Eveleigh (Sydney).</p><br>
<p>A great many modest out-buildings and single storey ancillary structures such as amenities blocks, toilets, storage sheds, electric sub-stations and lean-to buildings have been constructed, demolished, up-graded or rebuilt over many decades. While these are important in their contribution towards understanding how the railyards functioned, they are generally unimportant examples of architecture, and in some instances are an intrusive element to the intrinsic architectural quality of the building. In most cases these small ancillary buildings form an interesting contrast both in scale and construction type to the substantial workshops adjacent.</p><br>
<p>The large elevated water tower to the north of the site is of particular architectural merit. Its large cylindrical water storage tank surrounds a two storeyed rendered brick tower with projecting pilasters and string courses.</p><br>
<p>At the southern end of the workshops site, and fronting The Terrace, is the old workshops administration building. Constructed in 1878-79, this was the store for the first North Ipswich Railways Workshops. This large two storeyed brick building is a good example of a Victorian era brick and stone warehouse.</p><br>
<p>The extensive use of cast iron windows throughout the workshops is of particular interest. While relatively uncommon in the general context, they appear to have been used in other railway workshops buildings. Similar cast iron windows exist at Eveleigh Railway Workshops at Redfern and in other railway buildings in New South Wales e.g. the PerWay Store at Honeysuckle Point and the Blacksmith&#39;s Shop at Bathurst.</p><br>
<p>The site contains groups of mature trees as well as modest gardens with shrubs and fruit trees planted by workmen near their workshops and used as lunch areas. Some of these areas became quite elaborate with recycled seating and garden edges.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>North Ipswich Railway Workshops Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The North Ipswich Railway Workshops, established in 1864 were the first railway workshops in Queensland. They were an essential adjunct to Queenslands first railway which was constructed from Ipswich to the Darling Downs. The first section of this line, from Ipswich to Grandchester (originally called Bigges Camp) opened in 1865.</p><br>
<p>The workshops survive as evidence of the development of transport in Queensland. The early governments of Queensland placed importance on providing reliable transport from the coastal cities to the productive interior regions and it was one of the motivating factors in the 1859 separation of Queensland from New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>Although their initial role was to assemble and maintain equipment and rolling stock imported from Britain, the workshops later began to construct locomotives, wagons and carriages, demonstrating the pattern of increasing self-sufficiency and increasing sophistication of Queensland industry and technology.</p><br>
<p>The workshop buildings are important elements in the context of the development of Queenslands principal railway workshops and in the processes of manufacturing and repair of locomotives, wagons and carriages. In April 1918, the first Queensland trial smelting of iron ore was carried out in the furnaces of the Bogie and Brake Shop. Timber patterns are still stored in the loft of this Maintenance Carpenters Shop, some of which relate to steam engines. The Power House (R10) was part of the grand vision conceived by Chief Mechanical Engineer, William Nisbet, who, with his extensive railways experience overseas, influenced the major planning decisions at the Ipswich Railway Workshops at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>The Tool and Gauge Shop (R18, R19 & R20) is significant for production of the necessary tools used in the manufacture of munitions during World War II. It is thought to be one of only two buildings constructed in Australia at that time specifically for that purpose. It demonstrates the desire of both Queensland and Australian Governments at that time to revolutionise its approach to the development of secondary industry.</p><br>
<p>The Traverser and Traverser Track (R30) illustrate the distinctive planning geometry which formed the model for late 19th century railway designers and engineers in many parts of the world. The fundamental concept was of parallel rail tracks leading into rows of fairly equally-spaced workshop buildings which in some cases intersected a transverse distribution axis known as a traverser.</p><br>
<p>The Mihi Line (R53) is significant as part of the first railway line in Queensland. Its original centre-line was marked out by a surveyor in 1996, using the original survey plan dated Dec 29 1863.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>In the nineteenth century, most capital cities in Australia, and some major provincial centres provided locations for railway workshops. The workshops at North Ipswich were on a very large scale and the only equivalent sites were Eveleigh in Sydney and Newport in Melbourne, both of which have closed. The Fibreglass Shed (R41) is a significant surviving structure from saw mill complex which has largely been demolished and which was an important part of the operations of the Workshops.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Substantial evidence of industrial work practices dating to last century survives including a range of machinery either still in daily use or in use until very recently. The building types are illustrative of changes of technology and workplace amenity over more than a century and the site has the potential to yield more information.</p><br>
<p>The Blacksmith Shop (R7) contains a wide range of historically significant plant. The layout of the Blacksmith Shop (R7) provides information on the nature of the tasks undertaken and also on the interaction of those tasks. Internally the Wagon and Carriage Shop (R12) contains evidence of earlier work practice such as the two storey Foreman&#39;s Office, and technological innovation such as the early Grinnell Sprinkler System. The Erecting and Machine Shop (R13) is a fine example of a Federation warehouse and is of particular architectural merit. The Boiler Shop and Metal Fabrication (R14) contains some early machinery which is significant in demonstrating the techniques of heavy steel fabrication and boiler-making throughout the whole of this century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The North Ipswich Railway Workshops illustrate the distinctive planning geometry which formed the model for late 19th century railway designers and engineers in many parts of the world. The fundamental concept was of parallel rail tracks leading into rows of fairly equally-spaced workshop buildings which in some cases intersected a transverse distribution axis known as a traverser. Construction of new buildings has continued into the 1980s and the site demonstrates the evolution from architecturally articulated brick and masonry buildings to metal-clad or cement-block buildings.</p><br>
<p>Many of the buildings are of particular architectural merit. Fine examples of late Victorian brick warehouses are:</p><br>
<p>the Trimmers and Electroplaters Shop (R2)</p><br>
<p>the Tarpaulin store (R3) (south) and K Mill (R3) (north)</p><br>
<p>the Wheel Shop (R4)</p><br>
<p>the Spring Shop (R5)</p><br>
<p>Fine examples of Federation era warehouses are:</p><br>
<p>the Supply Warehouse (R6)</p><br>
<p>the Blacksmith Shop (R7)</p><br>
<p>the Bogie and Brake Shop (R8)</p><br>
<p>the Maintenance Carpenters&#39; Shop (R9)</p><br>
<p>the Wagon and Carriage Shop (R12)</p><br>
<p>the Boiler Shop and Metal Fabrication (R14)</p><br>
<p>The Power House (R10) is a fine example of the Federation Romanesque style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Traverser (R30) is significant as an operational piece of equipment dating from 1902 and the Track is an important component of site geometry.</p><br>
<p>The Fibreglass Shed (R41) is a significant surviving structure from saw mill complex which has largely been demolished and which was an important part of the operations of the Workshops.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Traverser and Traverser Track (R30) are elements which are peculiar to railyards planning have given North Ipswich Railway Workshops a particular aesthetic quality. The streetscape of the many buildings fronting the traverser is the combined result of this formal railyards planning, and the desire of the Queensland Railways Department at the turn of the century to create substantial brick and masonry industrial buildings of architectural merit.</p><br>
<p>The Timekeeper&#39;s Office (R17) is a domestic scale timber building. Its design and detailing makes an important architectural statement at the entrance to the Workshops.</p><br>
<p>The water tower (R28) is a fine example of a utilitarian structure designed using classically derived motifs. The water tower (R28) and tank stand (R29) are a landmark on the site.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The North Ipswich Railway Workshops contain evidence of a high degree of technological achievement which is demonstrated by surviving fabric and items of machinery.</p><br>
<p>The Power House constructed in 1901-02 supplied electricity to the whole railyards complex some 16 years before power was supplied to Ipswich by the Ipswich Electric Light Co. The Power House retains abundant evidence of coal fuel bunkers, ash removal system, electrical equipment, and the giant accumulator which supplied water under pressure to the riveters and flanging presses of the Boiler House.</p><br>
<p>The Tool and Gauge Shop, constructed during the Second World War to produce tools used in munitions manufacture was the only facility of its type in Queensland at that time. It resulted from a clear Government decision for Queensland to develop the best technological practices, and the North Ipswich Railway Workshops were selected as a suitable location.</p><br>
<p>Other examples of technological achievement are demonstrated by the early Grinnell Fire Sprinkler System, the 1944 X-Ray building at the Boiler House, the tramway turntables at the K. Mill, and the Tensile Testing Machine at the Laboratory. At various times the workshops were reputed to have machinery which was the most advanced in Australia. The workshops have a capacity for further research which may well yield information of industrial archaeological value.</p><br>
<p>The North Ipswich Railway Workshops also contain items of historical plant in working order such as overhead cranes, a Traverser and power hammers dating to early this century.</p><br>
<p>The Power House (R10) was a major technological achievement of its time, and considerable evidence survives within it to enable an understanding of how it functioned. In particular it still contains historic machinery and equipment, such as the 1901 overhead travelling gantry cranes, the hydraulic accumulator, and a steam driven hydraulic pump.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the Erecting and Machine Shop (R13) contains fine examples of early twentieth century heavy engineering practice such as the support structures for overhead travelling gantry cranes, and the cranes themselves.</p><br>
<p>The Tool and Gauge Shop (R18, R19 & R20) is significant for production of the necessary tools used in the manufacture of munitions during World War II. It is thought to be one of only two buildings constructed in Australia at that time specifically for that purpose.</p><br>
<p>The cast iron pump house (R52) is significant as an unusual example of a special-purpose structure built by a local manufacturer.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The workshops have a strong association for the people of Ipswich with the development of their community. For most of its 130 years, the North Ipswich Railway Workshops have employed more than 1,500 people at any one time, with a maximum of more than 3,000 just after the Second World War. As one of the largest places of employment in Ipswich, the workshops had a continuing and major impact on the lifestyles of thousands of families who resided in the city. As a result of its inner city location, the daily routine of workshops life was noticeable to people in other walks of life. Ipswich people took pride in the achievements of the workshops, as evidenced by numerous newspaper articles and features in commemorative magazines over a very long period of time. In particular the workshops have a strong association for former employees.</p><br>
<p>The workshops also created a community within itself, together with its own workplace culture. At various times the workshops community had its own co-operative ventures and interacted with the outside community through its own sporting and service clubs. Workmen took pride in their workplace and created their own gardens and outdoor lunch areas, personalising their industrial environment.</p><br>
<p>The Power House (R10) is an icon of the Ipswich Railway Workshops and a landmark of Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The North Ipswich Railway Workshops are significant for their strong association with the important early figures in Queensland&#39;s railway history in including Henry Horniblow.</p><br>
<p>The buildings on the site are part of a tradition of railway architecture and design in Queensland, and are significant for their association with the work of several important architects, engineers and railway planners including Henry Stanley, Henry Plew, William Pagan, Henrick Hansen, William Nisbet, Francis Jones, Vincent Price and Charles Da Costa.</p><br>
<p>In the Bogie and Brake Shop (R8), the old timber lockers with random messages and chalked notices are evidence of the strong association with former employees.</p><br>
<p>The Power House (R10) was part of the grand vision conceived by Chief Mechanical Engineer, William Nisbet, who, with his extensive railways experience overseas, influenced the major planning decisions at the Ipswich Railway Workshops at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>The Timekeeper&#39;s Office (R17) is the only official entry and exit point for the workshops and was purpose designed with the intention of controlling the large numbers of employees changing their shift at any one time. The building has a strong association with the employees of the workshops.</p><br>
<p>The Tool and Gauge Shop (R18, R19 & R20) demonstrates the desire of both Queensland and Australian Governments at that time to revolutionise its approach to the development of secondary industry.</p><br>
<p>Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall is a heritage-listed community hall at 63 Nicholas Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Brockwell Gill and built by F.J. Lye from 1920 to 1921. It is also known as Memorial Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ipswich Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall is a three-storey brick building opened in 1921. It was designed by George Brockwell Gill and built by F.J. Lye. Brickwork was by A. Mansfield, plastering J. Jamieson and joinery Arthur Foote Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The Returned Soldiers and Sailors Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA) was formed in 1916 and a branch opened in Ipswich in September 1917. As the end of World War I approached in 1918, the Ipswich branch requested land suitable for a building which could be a recreation hall and war memorial. Land in the Central Gardens was provided by the Department of Lands and construction of the hall was funded by a £6000 loan to the Council from the government, £1250 from the RSSILA and £500 from the Patriotic Committee. Further fundraising was carried out by community groups including Train Tea Ladies (a group which had met troop trains during the war), suburban Comforts Funds and Red Cross. The total cost of the building was £12000, representing a considerable community fundraising effort.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone was laid in May 1920, coinciding with a visit by General Birdwood and the building was completed in November 1921.</p><br>
<p>During discussions with the RSSILA, Ipswich City Council had raised the possibility of combining the Memorial Hall with a new town hall for the city. Although this idea was rejected, a compromise was reached and the Ipswich School of Arts Library, managed by the Council, was moved from the overcrowded Ipswich Town Hall to occupy the entire upper floor of the Memorial Hall; it remained there until 1947.</p><br>
<p>The basement level contained a billiards room, games room, refreshment room, showers and bath while the ground floor contained the memorial hall, assembly room, secretary&#39;s office and lounge.</p><br>
<p>Following the opening, further fundraising was carried out and a memorial window was commissioned for the upper floor. It was designed by William Bustard and carried out by R.S. Exton and Company, Brisbane under the supervision of C.H. Lancaster. The window was unveiled in November 1922. When a new RSL Services Club was built at North Ipswich in 1979, the window was removed to the new premises.</p><br>
<p>The building has been a popular venue for many community organisations including billiards club, dancing classes, dances, Red Cross Blood Bank and the Bush Book Club. During World War II, a temporary "All Services Hut" was erected in the park adjacent to the hall to serve as a recreation venue for servicemen; it was removed at the end of the war.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Hall is used as the headquarters of the Ipswich sub-branch of the RSL and as meeting rooms for the RSL Women&#39;s Auxiliary, Legacy and other service organisations. It is the focal point of annual Anzac Day ceremonies in Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>Two additional monuments have been erected in the gardens to the north of the hall - a general memorial in grey granite dedicated in 1986 and a column in grey granite erected by the Incapacitated Service Mens and Womens Association to honour service in all wars, specifically including Borneo and Vietnam. Both were carved by sculptor Tom Farrell.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building contains three levels - basement, ground and first floors constructed of load bearing brickwork and timber floor framing, and stands prominently within a small central city park.</p><br>
<p>The elaborate pedimented front pavilion of the building is surmounted by a formal raised parapet which together with the rusticated voussoirs, projecting cornice, pilasters, and rising sun motif, give the front of the building an impressive street presence. To give further emphasis to the front, this pavilion is constructed with slightly-contrasting coloured tuck-pointed brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The entrance portico is approached by flanking balustrade quadrant walls at street level, with stairs leading up to the ground floor. The memorial chamber immediately inside the entrance holds the original marble World War I memorial and a series of timber honour boards for later wars. Several honour boards relocated from other places in Ipswich have also been installed within the building.</p><br>
<p>The memorial chamber was originally naturally lit from above through a large rooftop lantern and central light well with encircling gallery at first floor level; this is now closed over.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor also contains the former Assembly Room, Lounge and offices. A silky oak timber staircase leads down to the basement which contains meeting rooms and an office and has a separate entrance on the northern side from the adjacent park. The upper level, reached by a silky oak staircase, contains a variety of meeting rooms. The main meeting room features a large semi-circular window, originally the location of a stained and coloured glass memorial now removed.</p><br>
<p>The internal detailing of the building is not elaborate, and includes silky oak joinery, painted plasterwork and ceilings of fibreboard with geometrically placed cover battens.</p><br>
<p>A rear fire escape constructed of structural steel serves the ground and first floor levels.</p><br>
<p>The roof is a series of hipped and gabled corrugated iron roof forms with a central raised roof over the lantern light.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent park contains two granite memorials.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Soldiers&#39; Memorial Hall, Ipswich was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Hall Ipswich, built in 1920-21, demonstrates the patriotic fervour associated with World War I and the communitys identification with the goals of the "mother country" Britain at this period in Queenslands history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare example of a very substantial brick soldiers&#39; hall. The interior is generally intact and with the trend towards conversion of the larger halls for service clubs with poker machines, this is becoming rare.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Hall with its honour chamber, memorial tablets, meeting rooms, recreation rooms and offices demonstrates the characteristics and use of a hall for returned soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is valued by the Ipswich community for its contribution to the townscape of the Ipswich CBD, and demonstrates a high standard of aesthetic design consistent with its civic and patriotic purposes.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Since 1920, the Memorial Hall has had a special association with the RSL and with various allied groups such as Legacy, Women&#39;s Auxiliary and War Widows. It has a strong spiritual and social association with the general community and returned service personnel as the focal point for Anzac and Remembrance Day commemorations. It has strong associations with the wider community because of its use for other purposes such as the city library, blood bank and as a place for meetings and social events.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The design of the building is the work of recognised local architect George Brockwell Gill and is a fine and typical example of his style at this period.</p><br>
<p>Sukho island is small artificial island located in the south-east of Lake Ladoga 20 km near its southern shore. The island has the shape of an irregular horseshoe. Dimensions of this island is approximately 90 to 60 m.</p><br>
<p>The island was built at the beginning of 18th century under the orders of Peter the Great in place of existing shelf to improve the navigation conditions on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to a legend when tsar Peter I was passing Volkhov Bay in his Yal (boat), he ran aground and exclaimed: "Here is dry!" ("Zdes sukho"). He ordered to convert the shallow spot he found into an island. All vessels passing by the way would have to leave stones on the new island, which got a name Sukho (Dry).</p><br>
<p>So they built a man-made island in the shape of a horseshoe measuring approximately 90 by 60 meters. Entrance to the bay was built in the south-east, because the east wind blows here very rarely.</p><br>
<p>A high stone lighthouse was built there in 1891.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Patriotic War especially high during Siege of Leningrad the island became important. Since this island was located in the path of Soviet convoys and 37 kilometers north of the Novaya Ladoga, it controlled large areas of the southern part of Lake Ladoga, and covered approaches to Volkhov bay and Novaya Ladoga, where the main base of the Soviet Ladoga Flotilla was located.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1942 the Germans began to prepare the operation "Brazil" on Lake Ladoga. Their tasks included sudden landing on the island of Sukho to capture or destroy the island garrison and to establish control over Ladoga communications between Leningrad and the rear of Red Army. In preparation the Germans created a naval base in the city of Lakhdenpokhya. 12th detachment of torpedo boats came there. Siebel disassembled self-propelled landing barges were transferred from the Italian port of La Spezia by rail through Finland.</p><br>
<p>On the island a battery number 473 with three 100 mm boat-defense guns and 3 machine-guns was stationed in September 1942. Sukho island garrison had 90 soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s garrison with the support of aircraft and Ladoga Flotilla ships managed to repel German landing party of 30 ships trying to capture the island and the lighthouse on the night of October 22, 1942. German SF-12,SF-26,SF-13 and SF-21 light Artillery Ferries ran aground and were shelled and sunk in shallow water, only partially submerged, by Soviet shore batteries at Sukho Island. One of the ferries that ran aground was salvaged by the Soviets and put in service as DB-51 ( Soviet Navy).</p><br>
<p>After the war the island became a meteorological station. Despite the island has become uninhabited after the collapse of the Soviet Union the lighthouse is functioning properly because it is automated.</p><br>
<p>Now the caretaker arrives at Sukho lighthouse only if a service is needed.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas Glacier is a glacier in New Zealand&#39;s Southern Alps located between Mount Sefton and Mount Brunner. It is named after the explorer Charles Edward Douglas.</p><br>
<p>The glacier sits in a valley and is fed by materials consisting of many streams and frequent avalanches which drop from its névé down a cliff face of over 1,000 feet. The glacier itself was approximately 5 miles long in 1908. The glacier has a relatively high rate of moraine materials, consisting of "friable phyllites and schistose grauwackes".</p><br>
<p>At the foot of the glacier is a lake that was created by glacier recession. Reports from 1892 and 1934 indicated it had "an anomalously slow lake development". The Douglas River (formerly known as the Twain) begins in the lake at the foot of the glacier.</p><br>
<p>The Algodor is a 102 km long river in Central Spain. It is a left hand tributary to the Tagus.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Its source is at the Laguna del Navajo in the Montes de Toledo, within the Retuerta del Bullaque municipal limits, Castile-La Mancha. It flows roughly northwards across the Province of Toledo into the Tagus at Aceca, a place near Algodor, the village within the Aranjuez municipality limits that gives the river its name.</p><br>
<p>The Algodor River has two dams, which form the 133 hm³ Embalse de Finisterre reservoir built in 1977, located between Tembleque, Mora, Villanueva de Bogas and Turleque, and the smaller 8 hm³ Embalse del Castro reservoir built in 1974 near Villamuelas.</p><br>
<p>All the Algodor&#39;s tributaries are small rivulets except for the Bracea River on its left margin.</p><br>
<p>The John N.M. Brewer House is a historic house on United States Route 1 in Robbinston, Maine, United States. Built in late 1820s, it is the only known example of an amphiprostyle Greek temple residence  in eastern Maine. It was built by a prominent local shipbuilder and sea captain. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brewer House is set on the west side of US Route 1. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof. Its front and rear facades both have projecting gable ends supported by five large two-story Ionic columns, with similar pilasters at the wall behind. The walls at the backs of these colonnades are flushboarded, as are the gable pediments, which sport a triangular window in the center. The eastern facade is clapboarded, with pilasters separating the bays. A pair of ells extend the main block to the west.</p><br>
<p>The house was built c. 1828-30 by John Nehemiah Marks Brewer, a prominent local shipbuilder and ships captain. Brewers father was a local militia commander during the War of 1812, and built The Mansion House, another prominent local residence. Brewer also later built the Henrietta Brewer House (located a short way up the road) for his wife. This house was used as a school for many years after Brewer&#39;s death in 1857, but is now in private hands. It is the only known example of its style east of the Penobscot River.</p><br>
<p>The Conway Junction Railroad Turntable Site is the foundational remnants of what was once a major railroad junction in South Berwick, Maine. Consisting of a circular granite railroad turntable foundation and an engine house foundation, it is the only major surviving reminder of Great Falls and South Berwick Railroad. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The turntable site is located at the southwest corner of Fife Lane and Maine State Route 236, south of the village center of South Berwick. The turntable foundation is a circular structure about 60 ft in diameter with an interior depth of about 2 ft below grade. At the center is a granite pier, capped with concrete, on which the turntable was originally mounted. To the west of this structure is a three-sided granite foundation, which once supported an engine house. The turntable is believed to date to 1855.</p><br>
<p>The first railroad that came to South Berwick was the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Railroad (PS&P), in 1842. The Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) extended its line eastward from Exeter, New Hampshire in 1843, meeting the PS&P in South Berwick village. The Great Falls and South Berwick Railroad in about 1855 built a 3.0 mi spur line from the PS&P at this point to join with the B&M at Great Falls, and established its headquarters here, which became known as Conway Junction because the Great Falls and South Berwick connected near here to the Portsmouth, Great Falls and Conway Railroad with service to Conway, New Hampshire. The rail lines in this area were used until 1936, and abandoned in 1941. Route 236 was built over the PS&P right of way in the 1940s, around which time the turntable and engine house were dismantled, and the Great Falls and South Berwick right of way was also built over. The foundations here are the only tangible remnants of this history.</p><br>
<p>Enniscorthy Castle is situated in Enniscorthy, County Wexford. The current castle was originally built in the 16th century and houses the Wexford County Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first castle was built on this site by the Norman De Prendergasts in 1190, who went on to live there for 300 years. Art MacMurrough Kavanagh attacked the castle in 16th century, in an attempt to regain his ancestral land. He proved successful in this until 1536, when Lord Leonard Grey took the castle and surrounding lands. The castle was burnt down by the Earl of Kildare in 1569, and it was gifted to the Bulters of Kilkenny for their role in the attack. In 1589, Queen Elizabeth I handed the land to Edmund Spenser, though he never took up residence there. The site is now run under the auspices of the Office of Public Works.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Castle site at the head of the River Slaney, in the centre of Enniscorthy town. As a Norman Castle, it features 4 corner towers, and a 4 storey rectangular keep. The original foundation of a castle on this site goes back to the 12th or 13th-century, though the current structure largely dates from the 16th. Enniscorthy Castle appears to echo the style of other local castles, such as Ferns Castle and Carlow Castle. The Castle had fallen into ruins by the early 20th century, and was restored by P.J. Roche, who extended and reconstructed the building.</p><br>
<h2>Wexford County Museum</h2><br>
<p>For many years the Castle was home of the Wexford County Museum. The Castle was closed for extensive refurbishment in 2006, which saw the collections taken into the care of the local authority. Much of the collections returned to the Castle upon its reopening in 2011, although some parts of the collection were redistributed on permanent loan to other cultural sites, such as the National 1798 Centre. The displays now largely focus on the history of the Castle and the local area. The displays include exhibited artefacts and recreated rooms from the different periods of the Castle&#39;s occupation. Other displays are dedicated to the Wexford events relating to the Easter Rising, and Eileen Gray. There are some of the objects of the older Wexford County Museum displays are also featured.</p><br>
<p>Uniting Church Central Memorial Hall is a heritage-listed church hall at 86 East Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Brockwell Gill and built from 1895 to 1895 by W Betts. It is also known as Congregational Sunday School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Uniting Church Central Memorial Hall is a two storeyed brick building erected in 1895 to the design of architect George Brockwell Gill as a Sunday school for the Congregational Church. The Ipswich Congregational Church was formed in 1854 with Reverend Edward Griffith as its first pastor. A year later, the first church was erected on a site in Brisbane Street. This was replaced in 1870, with the earlier building becoming the Sunday school. After the 1893 flood destroyed the Sunday school, a new site was sought. In 1894, the East Street site was purchased by the Church.</p><br>
<p>The site, opposite the court house and police station had previously been granted to the Ipswich Town Council as a site for the erection of the Town Hall, however this did not proceed and in 1893 was proclaimed a town lot. Plans for the new Sunday school were ambitious; however the work of the Sunday school was considered important, given the secular nature of the state&#39;s education system and their enrolment substantial. In 1895, the Congregational Sunday School had 429 scholars and fifty-one teachers under the superintendence of James Clarke Cribb.</p><br>
<p>George Brockwell Gill&#39;s plans provided for a number of classrooms accommodating both children and adults. They were located in the wings of the hall, on the raised platform, and on the front second storey. An infants room and large storeroom were located under the platform at ground level. Opening off the entrance was a library and a room known as the Endeavour Room. The new school cost £3,000. The contractor was W Betts and the brickwork was undertaken by John Mackenzie.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, the Church acquired the adjoining residence Keiraville previously owned by the Cribb family who were prominent members of the church. After this, Keiraville became the manse. In 1957, a new brick church was erected to the north of the hall. This was known as the Central Memorial Church in memory of those who served in the two World Wars. In 1978, the property was transferred to the Uniting Church. In recent years, the church and Sunday school were closed. The hall is now regularly used by various community groups. The lower former infants classrooms is used as a kindergarten.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Memorial Hall is a substantial polychromatic brick building with a corrugated iron roof. It has a two-storeyed wing with a gabled roof fronting onto East St, and a two-storey height hall with a gabled roof extending out to the east: the site slopes away and another storey is included at the rear. The East St elevation has a central entry portico, and a decorative gable breaks the roofline above. The eastern end of the building finishes by expressing the hall roof in a gable end, which is flanked by gables projecting to the north and south; this elevation also has a central timber portico. The north and south walls have skillion roofs under clerestory windows, and timber stairs and entrance porticos. The Memorial Hall is a distinctive member of a small grouping of public buildings on East St, which include the Police Station (1930s) and Old Ipswich Courthouse (1859 and 1880).</p><br>
<p>The exterior is finely detailed, with rich variations in materials and openings. The base of the building has broad arches, while the upper level openings have hemispherical and flat arches. The gable peaks have circular vents. Surrounds include combinations of beige brick voussoirs and toothing, and terracotta voussoirs, hood mouldings, red brick surrounds, and toothed concrete sills and keystones. The main entrance portico to the west has series of concrete arches with keystones on brick columns under a gabled roof. Other external decoration includes beige brick quoins, and several string courses, made up of combinations of diagonally-placed bricks and projecting bricks, with a concrete string course at hall floor level. The building has in total five timber entrance porticos with fine timber detailing including battens and, cross-braced balustrades. The roof is crowned with a timber and corrugated iron fleche with four gables with finials, which when erected contained a Boyles patent ventilator.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the hall is encircled by rooms. The western end has a large meeting room, library and office either side of an entrance hall, and a timber mezzanine with balcony access to meeting rooms. To the north and south the hall is flanked by aisles, offices and storage areas. The south aisle has been converted to a kitchen. The eastern end of the hall has a stage and backstage area, and rooms under the eastern end are currently used for childcare.</p><br>
<p>The hall is an impressive two-storey height space with exposed timber trusses, clerestory lighting, a hardwood floor, and rendered masonry walls. The ceiling has exposed rafters and diagonal timber boards. The aisles are arcaded with arches springing from substantial square columns with square capitals and barley twists in the centre. Doorways to ancillary rooms are also arched. The aisles have raked timber boarded ceilings with exposed rafters. The mezzanine sits behind three arches springing from pilasters in the western wall, and has a wrought iron balustrade. The stage has timber partitions to rear, and behind the stage area is a gable wall with a three-light stained glass window. The clerestory windows have multi-coloured panes around their edges.</p><br>
<p>The principal entrance to the building to the west has arched doors with arched stained glass sidelights, leading to an entry vestibule; similar doors and sidelights lead to the hall. The entrance vestibule is a double storey height volume with timber stairs climbing around its perimeter. The stairs have finely turned and carved balustrades, striped timbers to the soffits, and meet an arched window with coloured glass at the half landing. The vestibule also contains a brass and timber honour roll. The adjacent library has extensive timber shelving, and the meeting room opposite has external entrance doors with coloured glass and timber boarded ceilings with a star- shaped ceiling rose. The mezzanine rooms have exposed framing under gable roofs, with diagonally boarded ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Hall is a very fine and intact building; the interior spaces, particularly the hall and entrance vestibule, have impressive spatial qualities, and contain finely detailed elements. The exterior is distinctive and rich in its use of materials and fine detailing of walls, porticos and openings.</p><br>
<p>The associated church and the Hall were put on the market in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Uniting Church Central Memorial Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Uniting Church Central Memorial Hall is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the development of the Congregational Church in Ipswich and the importance placed on education within the Church.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare example of a substantial masonry Sunday School building, and demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial Ipswich building by architect George Brockwell Gill.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare example of a substantial masonry Sunday School building, and demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial Ipswich building by architect George Brockwell Gill.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It exhibits a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, including the fine detailing and rich use of materials of the exterior; the contribution to the townscape as a distinctive and substantial decorated brick building amongst a group of public buildings on East St; the impressive spatial quality of the hall and entrance vestibule; the decorative detailing of major internal elements; and the fine craft-work of the stairs and stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As the Sunday school and hall for over ninety years, it has a special association with the Congregational (now Uniting Church) community of Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with the life and work of a number of people associated with the life of the church, in particular James C Cribb, Joseph Hargreaves, and Alexander Nichol, who served as Superintendents of the Sunday School; and members of the church, who served during the First World War, whose names are recorded on the roll of honour.</p><br>
<p>Claremont is a heritage-listed villa at 1A Milford Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William Claydon Wakefield and was built in 1857. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Claremont is a Georgian style stone villa overlooking the Bremer River. It was designed in 1857 by William Claydon Wakefield for John Panton and was built on the earliest site to be occupied by Europeans in Ipswich. John Panton was a Member of both the New South Wales and Queensland Legislative Councils and a prominent Ipswich merchant. However financial difficulties forced the sale of the house in 1862. (In 1865 the Pantons built another house at 5 Blackall Street, East Ipswich which they also called Claremont, but that second Claremont is not the subject of this article).</p><br>
<p>In 1862 the first Claremont was purchased by George Thorn (senior), originally superintendent of convicts at Ipswich, who became a politician, as did four of his sons. George Thorn Jnr. served as Premier of Queensland while living at Claremont and the house was for many years an important social and political centre in Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>In 1827, the Commandant of the Moreton Bay Penal colony sent a group of convicts up the Bremer River to quarry and process limestone for building purposes. Huts and a lime kiln were set up, followed by enclosures for animals. The site covered what are now the grounds of Claremont and their immediate vicinity and was named Limestone Station. In 1838 George Thorn was appointed Superintendent of Convicts at Limestone and lived with his family in a cottage to the north west of where Claremont now stands. He stayed on after the penal colony was closed and became a wealthy merchant and pastoralist. Physical evidence for this first European use of the site may survive below ground. The remains of the kiln were visible until the 1960s and their location, close to the current house, is marked; the remains are listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>In 1842, when Moreton Bay was opened for free settlement, the first survey of Limestone was made and this land was divided into blocks and sold. By 1852 it was held by several owners, but all the northern parts of section XXXVI were later acquired by John Panton, the son of the New South Wales Post-Master General, who had moved to Limestone in 1851 and had established himself successfully as a merchant. In 1855, he built a two story warehouse to the northwest of the present house. The site is at the head of navigation of the river and is just upstream of the Pool, an area which permitted steam boats to turn and which was then close to the wharves. His acquisition of this site and location of the warehouse emphasise the importance of the river to Ipswich as a trading centre before the coming of the railway.</p><br>
<p>In 1857 Panton added a villa designed by William Claydon Wakeling to the site and named it Claremont. Only a few years after this, in the early 1860s, Panton experienced financial difficulties and sold Claremont to George Thorn, who was by then a leading figure in Ipswich. The Thorns were closely involved in politics, George and four of his sons serving as Members of the Legislative Assembly at various times. The eldest son, George Thorn, junior, was Premier between 1876-77 while he was living at Claremont.</p><br>
<p>In 1874, a section of land running between Claremont and the river bank was resumed as part of the construction of the Brisbane to Ipswich Railway. This reduced the grounds to an area of 2 acres and 23 perches and Panton&#39;s warehouse may have been demolished at this point. The property remained in the Thorn family until 1906 when it was purchased by George Rennie Wilson. In 1919 the land was again subdivided and some sold, reducing the Claremont block to 1 acre, 21 perches.</p><br>
<p>Alterations occurred to the house in the 1920s with the rebuilding of the verandahs to a bungalow style. It was used as a boarding house between 1924 and 1939, when it was sold to Jessie Violet Preddy. The Preddys lived in the house only briefly before it was divided into three flats and the land further subdivided. During the 1940s the house became run down and the ends of both wings were demolished.</p><br>
<p>In 1964 the property was purchased by the Queensland Sub-Normal Children&#39;s Welfare Association and at this time some alterations were made to allow the house to be used as a hostel. These probably included converting the original double hipped slate roof into a single hip roof over the main rooms, installing bathrooms over the cellar and bricking in fireplaces. Landscaping was also done at this time, including the re-use of stone blocks from either the kiln or demolished sections, in order to form garden terraces.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 the National Trust of Queensland obtained a National Estate Grant to purchase Claremont, which was then sub-leased back to the Q.S-N.C.W.A. for three years. After remaining vacant for two years, the house was leased in 1980 to Architect Bruce Buchanan and restoration work began. In the following year the first open day for the general public was held. The Buchanan&#39;s moved out of the house in the mid eighties and the house has not been used since as a residence.</p><br>
<p>Considerable work has been done to Claremont since it was purchased by the Trust including the reconstruction of the verandah to its original form.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Claremont is a single storey, Georgian style house with verandahs which addresses the Bremer River on the north. It is built to a U shaped plan with wings of differing lengths. The style is reminiscent of earlier houses in Sydney and Tasmania and is rare in Queensland, although Claremont has some resemblance to Oakwal in Brisbane and to Ormiston House at Wellington Point, which were built a few years later.</p><br>
<p>The house is symmetrically arranged with French doors opening onto the verandah, which extends around the sides of the house. There is a stone paved verandah at the rear. The verandah roof has been reconstructed to its original form of a concave profile roof supported by simple posts on plain plinths.</p><br>
<p>It is constructed of a local sandstone, possibly from Woogaroo Quarry with brick walls internally. The form of construction is rare, incorporating timber tie beams at lintel level through the stone work. The framing for the original double hipped roof including the box gutter and some battening for slates, remains under the current roof which is single hipped and is clad with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>Decorative detail to the interior, such as the classical motifs on the cornices of the drawing and dining rooms, is simple and classically inspired in accordance with the Georgian style. There are nine chimneys and some original marble fireplaces and grates survive as does some door and window joinery.</p><br>
<p>There is a brick lined, stone flagged storage cellar beneath the former bathroom on the western side of the house. The original half spiral access stair survives, but much of the floor framing in this room is reconstructed. The kitchen also retains a stone flagged floor.</p><br>
<p>The gardens retain some elements of the original planting and a number of fine or unusual specimens including Ulmus parvifolia, golden bamboo, early varieties of hibiscus and an early, locally propagated variety of bouganvillea.</p><br>
<p>The view to the Bremer River survives.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Claremont was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Claremont and its grounds demonstrate the evolution of Ipswich from a convict outpost for burning limestone, to an important early mercantile centre and a major city of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The house is a rare example of an early Georgian villa in Queensland and incorporates early and unusual building techniques.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The house and its grounds have the potential to yield, through the existing buildings and from archaeological evidence, information on the early use of the site and on the lifestyle of early owners.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is also important for its aesthetic value as a work of architecture that is well liked by the community for style, material and detail.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Claremont has a strong association with John Panton and with the Thorn family, who were connected with the site from the earliest European occupation and who contributed to the development of Ipswich and of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Brickstone is a heritage-listed detached house at 11 Murphy Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built by William Hancock. It is also known as Brixton. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storey house with an attic stands on allotment 10 of section 17 proclaimed on 4 March 1861. On 15 April 1861 a section of the allotment was purchased as lot 53 by Mr. James Kirby Swan, a local wheelwright and town land owner. By 1869 a number of sections had been surveyed off the original allotment and all that remained was the section where the house stands, part 3A. The house was constructed by prominent local builder William Hancock. The precise date of the construction of this house is unknown; however, Swans name does appear on the 1864 electoral role as residing at this address, thus indicating that the house may have been built for him in the early 1860s. On 15 January 1863 Hancock purchased land adjoining that of Swans, part 3 of allotment 10 of section 17. The Hancock family history states that William Hancock built three houses in a line in Murphy Street being numbers 11, 13 and 15 Murphy Street. (This also suggests that the house at 11 Murphy Street may have been built in the early part of the 1860s.) The house at 13 was called "Cornubia" and was Hancocks own residence but has been altered beyond recognition. Hancock actually resided at 11 Murphy Street in late 1875 for a short period (rates, levied at 10% of the valuation of the land, were paid in Swans name until 4 October 1875 when the land was registered in the name of William Hancock).</p><br>
<p>William Hancock migrated from England in 1856 and worked for a short time in Brisbane prior to moving to Ipswich where he lived until his death on 23 August 1892. Hancock was born at St Ives, Cornwall, went to live in Yorkshire, and was married at Leeds in 1844. Hancock was well known in Ipswich as a "builder in brick" and building contractor and was involved in the construction of a number of buildings including, additions to Rockton Villa, Colinton Station, Booval House, the foundations of the first railway workshop, the Lands Office and the Wesleyan Parsonage as well as laying pipes for the waterworks in 1877. He also built and operated a lime-kiln on Limestone Hill and owned a soap and candle works at Churchill.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in a time of growth and expansion for Ipswich which was benefiting from the profits of coal mining and wool and cotton production. The town was a point of trade with the Port on the Bremer River and the first railway in Queensland opening to Grandchester in 1865. William Hancock had directly contributed to this early growth in Ipswich and Brickstone can be seen as part of that contribution.</p><br>
<p>The house, which has three levels, originally had eight main rooms with a detached kitchen and laundry. In 1877 the house was sold to Mr Samuel Irwin, and since then there have been numerous other owners and occupants, including William Hancock&#39;s married daughter Elizabeth; and her unmarried daughter who lived there till she died in 1956.</p><br>
<p>From around the 1920s until 1982 the house was mainly used as flats during which time the house underwent a number of alterations, the most noticeable being the closure of the attic and removal of the stairs during the 1920s and the enclosure of the verandah. The grey slate roof was replaced by galvanised iron and the attic windows were removed around the same time. (Possibly a similar example of what the original slate roof would have looked can be seen at 15 Murphy Street.)</p><br>
<p>In 1985 the house was purchased by Kirk Jensen and Peter Gelherr who reversed the conversion of the flats and redecorated and remodelled the interior of the house in a High Victorian style. The staircase to the attic was replaced with a recycled set of stairs from auction and the attic reopened with dormer windows put in on three sides of the roof. Almost all of the interior fittings and decoration have been added to the house during the 1980s renovations.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 the house was sold to Mrs Adele Rule who currently resides there.</p><br>
<p>While the origins of the name "Brickstone" are unknown, the house is believed to have been known as "Brixton" prior to renovations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Brickstone is a substantial brick dwelling with a steeply pitched roof which makes it an important contribution to the streetscape. The house has three levels and is made of load bearing brick rendered with ruled joints. It has a monopitch hip roof with a central gable to the front verandah and four dormer windows to the attic space. The current dormer windows were constructed in the 1980s when the attic was reopened after the house was converted from flats. New entry stairs were also added at this time to the verandah under the central gable. Earlier photographs show the verandah accessed from the corner stair.</p><br>
<p>The main level consists of a four room core with a central hall surrounded by a verandah, which is open on two sides. The rear and part of the side verandahs were enclosed to form servants rooms which are now bathrooms and storerooms. The stair was installed during the 1980s, originally from another building (apparently from a former doctors residence at Ipswich Hospital). The majority of the joinery has been replaced, sourced from other demolished buildings, and ceiling roses added to many rooms. The iron columns and balustrading are largely intact on the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The lower level contains two large rooms and a cellar. The joinery has been replaced and ceiling roses and other decorative plasterwork added. The attic was reconstructed in the 1980s with sheeted wall and ceiling linings and dormer windows.</p><br>
<p>A detached building said to contain the original kitchen and wash- house stands to the rear of the house, accessed from the lower level terrace. A new carport and covered walkway has been added at the side of the property.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Brickstone was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Brickstone (11 Murphy Street) is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history in that it reflects the beginnings of the substantial residential development in Ipswich around the area known as Denmark Hill. Constructed in the early 1860s this brick house reflects the growing strength of Ipswich as an industrial, pastoral and commercial centre in the latter 19th Century which encouraged the suburban development still evident in central Ipswich today.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Brickstone also draws aesthetic significance from its contribution to the immediate streetscape and, more generally to the lower slopes of Denmark Hill. In particular the large scale of the house on a prominent corner block and the steeply pitched roof make Brickstone a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Brickstone has a special association with the life and work of prominent local builder William Hancock who constructed the house and later resided there for a short period. Hancock was a prolific "builder in brick" and his work is evident in other substantial residences in Ipswich such as Rockton Villa and Booval House.</p><br>
<p>Central Congregational Church Manse is a heritage-listed manse at 21 Quarry Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built in 1883 by Samuel Shenton. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two storey timber residence was built as the manse for the pastors of the Congregational Church of Ipswich. The Congregational Church Yearbook of 1883 describes the Manse during its construction as follows: "The edifice will be a two storeyed weather-board house with verandah balcony all round, containing 12 rooms and finished in a style that will do credit to the denomination". It was designed and erected by architect/builder Samuel Shenton, himself a member of the Congregational Church, costing £1221.18.7. Construction of the Manse was commenced and finished in 1883.</p><br>
<p>The Congregational Church of Ipswich was formed on 2 June 1854 as a union of necessity between the Baptist and Independent faiths due to small numbers of each in the pioneer town of Ipswich. The Ipswich Congregational Church was the first Congregational parish in Queensland and it soon expanded throughout the state in the later decades of the nineteenth century. The church was a fiercely independent denomination refusing to accept any government subsidies or land grants. In 1854 the Congregational Church established a building committee and in 1855 the first congregational church building in Ipswich was built by Samuel Shenton who later designed the manse, and who was a founding member of the Congregational Church. It was situated on the southern side of Brisbane Street near East Street and was a simple single story timber building.</p><br>
<p>In 1870 a new church was constructed to the design of Samuel Shenton adjacent to the old church which was used as a Sunday School. By this time the parish was known as the Central Congregational Church. The new church cost £2,110 and survived until February 1953 when it was destroyed by fire. The site of the church was bought by the Atlantic Oil Co and became the site of a garage and is now the site of Coles supermarket and carpark. Another congregational church was erected in East Street which is now the East Street City Uniting Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1936-37 the Manse was sold by the Church and was turned into a number of flats. In 1950 twelve and half perches of the manse grounds was resumed for road works and other sections of the land were subdivided.</p><br>
<p>Externally the residence remains remarkably intact displaying virtually no changes since a photograph taken in 1896 apart from extra vertical balustrading on the upper storey. The manse remains as the only evidence of the 19th century building activities of the Central Congregational Church in Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The architect Samuel Shenton was one of the earliest prominent architects in Ipswich whose works are well known in the city and the surrounding area. He arrived in Ipswich in March 1851 and began work as a carpenter and building contractor. Among his early contracts were Dr Challinor&#39;s house and shop in Brisbane Street and fitting out the first Presbyterian Church (1853). Shenton made some significant improvements to central Ipswich in the 1860s with the School of Arts and the Lands Office. During this time he was preparing plans, specifications and quantities and in 1879 his contracting business was taken over by Worley and Whitehead. Shenton practised solely as an architect from 1879 until 1889 when his practice was taken over by employee George Brockwell Gill. Shenton subsequently became heavily involved in community and business ventures as well as local politics. He was an alderman for many years and the Mayor of Ipswich from 1871-1872 and 1889. He died in Ipswich on 3 July 1893. Another of his more notable and extant works is Faerieknowe (Fairy Knoll) built for EW Hargraves.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Central Congregational Church Manse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Congregational Church Manse is important in demonstrating the early development of the Congregational Church in Ipswich and in Queensland. The Congregational Church was one of the earliest independent denominations established in Queensland. Few Congregational parishes exist today due to the merge of many Congregationalist parishes into the Uniting Church in the 20th century. The former manse is significant for exemplifying the importance of the Congregational Church in Ipswich and of churches in general to 19th century Queensland communities.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It also has special association with the work of architect and builder Samuel Shenton as a fine example of his work in Ipswich. Shenton was a prominent architect and builder in Ipswich from the 1850s to the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former manse has aesthetic significance for its high streetscape value due to its scale and traditional materials and detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former manse has special association with the past congregations of the Congregational Church of Ipswich and the pastors and their families who once lived there.</p><br>
<p>Toronto is a heritage-listed detached house at 30 Quarry Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1863 onwards. It is also known as Devonshire Cottage. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Toronto is a two storey timber residence erected in 1863 for Mrs Elizabeth Lloyd, who bought the Quarry Street allotment No. 13 for £45 from the Crown in April 1863. Due to a period of great local prosperity, Ipswich, at that time, was considered a leading commercial centre, strongly contesting Brisbane as Queenslands premier city. The house, originally named "Devonshire Cottage", was apparently built for investment purposes for the considerably wealthy Mrs Lloyd, who did not live in the house except for a brief period during 1868. Like Mrs Lloyd, several of Devonshire Cottages earliest occupants were members of the Congregational Church. In 1870 the house appears to have been occupied by Reverend Mossop possibly as a Congregational Church Manse.</p><br>
<p>In September 1873, when the property was put up for sale, the house was described as having five large rooms on the lower floor and four rooms upon the upper floor, making nine in total. There was also a detached kitchen, a servant&#39;s bedroom and a large washing shed. A broad verandah occupied the entire front of the house with a balcony above. In the yard was a large tank with a good pump, stables and a cow house.</p><br>
<p>William Tamlyn bought the house together with several other adjoining allotments. Like Mrs Lloyd, Tamlyn bought the house for investment purposes, choosing to live elsewhere. The house continued to be leased out until 1914, despite a change of ownership to James Jackes in 1882. Jackes was responsible for renaming the house "Toronto" after his birthplace, and for subdividing the property into two allotments in 1911. The reduced sized property was sold in 1914 to Josephine Rowlands, who became the house&#39;s first owner occupier.</p><br>
<p>Toronto was resold in 1940 to Peter and Alice McKelvie who made various alterations to the house including work to the front verandah, some restumping, a new opening between the living and dining rooms and substantial internal works to the former kitchen wing at the rear. The property changed ownership for five years to Colin Medlin and Margaret Grant from 1965 and was then sold to Donald and Ivy Follett who carried out further work to the house. The work involved restumping, rewiring, glazing of the rear verandah and reinstatement of the house&#39;s earlier colour scheme based on scrapings. A new timber fern-house was constructed at the rear of the property in 1977 and a new bathroom constructed in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Toronto is a two storeyed, timber house designed in the Carpenter Gothic style of architecture. The building is dominated by its roof that is basically two large intersecting gables. Beneath the corrugated iron roof cladding is the original roof clad with wooden shingles. Each gable features decorative scalloped bargeboards. A single brick chimney with a simple brick moulding protrudes above the roofline and is capped with two decorative terracotta pots. The external walls of the main house are hand-planed pine chamferboards which are approximately 300mm wide. Internal walls and ceilings throughout the house are vertically lined with tongue and groove boards. The house contains seven main rooms, four at ground level with three upstairs. The ground level central hallway is decorated with an intricate fretted semicircular timber panel positioned overhead midway down the hall. A steep and narrow, stained timber staircase connects the two floor levels towards the rear of the house. Most windows in the house are multi-paned double-hung sashes, except at the front where French door with louvred shutters have been installed on both the upper and lower levels. Concave metal hoods with decorative timber fretwork brackets are fitted to windows on both side elevations. Original timber joinery such as fireplace surrounds, doors, architraves and skirtings remain throughout the house.</p><br>
<p>Full width timber verandahs extend across both the front and rear elevations of the house and a small upper level balcony projects from its front gable. The verandahs and the balcony all have hipped roofs clad in corrugated iron. The front verandah and balcony both feature decorative scalloped valances. The balcony has cast iron balustrading and immediately beneath it is the main entrance to the house, highlighted by a wide valance decorated with tracery. The front verandah area is almost entirely screened with lattice, while the rear verandah is currently glazed and has been partly enclosed to form a modern bathroom.</p><br>
<p>The existing kitchen wing is a single storey structure, clad with weatherboards, that is attached to the rear verandah of the main house. A small laundry skillion has been attached to the west side of the kitchen. There are three multi-paned double-hung sash windows to the kitchen wing, each fitted with timber and corrugated iron window hoods which are quite different to those on the main house. Internally the walls and coved ceiling are lined with fibrous cement sheeting. The room has two different ceiling heights, the rear section being the lower. A concrete slab has been introduced for flooring. A toilet has been constructed in one corner of the building but is only accessible from the laundry. Adjacent to the kitchen wing is a large brick lined underground water tank to which is connected a hand operated pump.</p><br>
<p>Towards the south east corner of the property stands the former stables building, currently converted into a garage. The building is clad with wide chamferboards, similar to those used on the main house. A concrete slab replaces the original floor. A large timber fern- house is located at the rear of the property, orientated east-west.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Toronto was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in c.1863, Toronto, formerly called Devonshire Cottage, was built during a period of great prosperity in Ipswich when the town was considered a leading commercial centre, strongly contesting Brisbane as Queenslands premier city. The size, quality and favourable location of the house overlooking the city is indicative of the influx of wealthy settlers that moved into the area during the early 1860s in direct response to the towns prosperity.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The house is an early, intact and rare surviving example of the Carpenter Gothic style of architecture, a typically used for domestic applications, particularly in the Ipswich region but also throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house is an early, intact and rare surviving example of the Carpenter Gothic style of architecture, a typically used for domestic applications, particularly in the Ipswich region but also throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The unusual style of the two storey, timber house gives the building considerable aesthetic significance with its prominent gables, decorative scalloped bargeboards, traceried timber verandah and intimate scale. The building offers an important contribution to the Quarry Street streetscape, which is of interest for the variety and quality of nineteenth century housing close to the Ipswich city centre.</p><br>
<p>Ginn Cottage is a heritage-listed detached house at 1 Ginn Street, Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ginn Cottage is a brick cottage with an attic, built in 1859 for William Ginn and his second wife Eliza Jane. The architect and builder are not known.</p><br>
<p>Ginn was born in Ireland and migrated to Sydney where it is thought he met his first wife, a Miss Graham who died in childbirth. In the 1850s, he moved to Ipswich and managed the produce store of G.H. Wilson. He married Eliza Jane Costly (date uncertain) and they built Ginn Cottage as their family home; the land was purchased in late 1858 and the cottage was built by 1860 when Council rates records begin. In 1886, Ginn complained to the Colonial Secretary that the sale had been defective and the cottage was actually built on part of the roadway behind the Court House; this boundary problem was resolved and the street was named Ginn Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, Ginn left Wilsons and, in partnership with Harry Hooper, formed the merchant firm Ginn and Hooper. Hooper died in December 1896. According to family information, Ginn had already decided to continue his business alone and had mortgaged Ginn Cottage to help finance himself; however he died in January 1897, just before this firm was due to open.</p><br>
<p>Ginn was also involved in other enterprises including coal mining, a store in Augathella and raising racehorses. He was a founding board member of the Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society and was involved in community organisations.</p><br>
<p>The cottage is said by the family to have originally included a detached kitchen and stables. A kitchen wing was built attached to the house (said to have been in 1910) and a bathroom and other rear extensions were added at some time prior to 1970. The verandahs were enclosed prior to 1970.</p><br>
<p>Other alterations include changing the shingle roof (seen in an early family photograph) to corrugated galvanised iron and rendering the brickwork. The dates of these changes are unknown.</p><br>
<p>By 1970, the building was in poor condition with some internal joinery removed. It was bought by Nita and Noel Buchanan and renovated. After use as professional offices for several years, it was again sold and converted into a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ginn Cottage is a brick cottage, rendered with ruled joints. The sharply-pitched hipped roof is clad in corrugated galvanised iron. The cottage has an attic level and has dormer windows on the southern and northern faces and symmetrically-placed brick chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The main house has a verandah on three sides, the rear verandah being enclosed. The front facade has a central doorway with a multi-paned French door on either side, opening onto the front verandah which has a sandstone step onto the footpath. The southern side abuts Meredith Lane.</p><br>
<p>The interior has four main rooms, two with a fireplace. The two main rooms have pressed metal ceilings and some original four-panelled doors survive. The attic contains two rooms which are lined with tongue and groove boarding and which have internal shutters on the windows. A ledged and braced door is between the two rooms. The attic is accessed by a steep central staircase with simple square balusters.</p><br>
<p>The rear single-storey kitchen wing is of timber frame clad in fibro-cement and has a hip roof. This wing is extended towards the west with a skillion roof over a small bathroom.</p><br>
<p>Outbuildings include a weatherboard-sheeted rear toilet block built as amenities for the restaurant and a flat-roofed carport constructed of steel frame.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ginn Cottage was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1859, Ginn Cottage is a rare surviving example of a brick cottage of the 1850s and still demonstrates many of the characteristics of this type of building which was once common in Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1859, Ginn Cottage is a rare surviving example of a brick cottage of the 1850s and still demonstrates many of the characteristics of this type of building which was once common in Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community and contributes significantly to the streetscape of an important historical area in central Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is associated with the life and work of William Ginn, a notable early Queensland resident and businessman who is also associated with the formation of the Ipswich and West Moreton Building Society.</p><br>
<p>The Guadalmellato is a 110.5 km long river in Andalusia, Spain. It is a right hand tributary to the Guadalquivir. The Guadalmellato River has two dams.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The source of the Guadalmellato is at the Guadalmellato Reservoir where the waters of the Guadalbarbo, Cuzna and Varas meet; these are small rivers bringing waters from the Sierra Morena and subject to seasonal variations. The Guadalmellato flows roughly southwards for about 5 km into the San Rafael de Navallana Reservoir. Further downstream it meets the right bank of the Guadalquivir just east of Alcolea.</p><br>
<p>Part of the waters of the Guadalmellato are diverted before it flows into the Guadalquivir by means of a canal that runs parallel to the river. After flowing through Alcolea and parts of Córdoba town the canal ends near Villarrubia, a suburb of Córdoba.</p><br>
<p>The Cummings&#39; Guest House is a historic African-American summer boarding house at 110 Portland Avenue in Old Orchard Beach, Maine. Established in 1923, it was one of the only places in the community offering summer accommodations to African-Americans during the period of Jim Crow segregation. Prominent guests included Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, Count Basie, and Lionel Hampton. The property, which reverted to completely private use by the Cummingses in 1993, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rose and Edward Cummings Jr. purchased 110 Portland Street in 1917, and were Old Orchard Beach&#39;s first African-American residents. In 1923 they converted the house into a seasonal boarding house, catering to traveling African-Americans. Although it was not listed in any business directories, it was a popular accommodation, with word at first spread by word of mouth, and later by tour guides specifically targeting African-American vacationers. It regularly played host to African-American performers who played at the Old Orchard Beach Casino, but were refused accommodation at area hotels despite a lack of segregation laws in the state. Performers who stayed there included Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, Count Basie, Lionel Hampton, and Harry Carney, who became a regular visitor. The boarding house was operated by the Cummings children until 1993.</p><br>
<p>The house is a vernacular Victorian wood frame structure built about 1870, probably as a farmhouse. The present structure includes the original house and a small barn, which have been joined by a two-story addition. The building once had a porch that wrapped around the southern and eastern facades, provide a measure of unity to the building&#39;s disparate elements; this has since been removed. The interior of the house shows regular adaptation to changing environment: its kitchen is from the 1970s, while its bathrooms retain fixtures and original plaster walls from the 1920s. The interior underwent some alteration in the 1960s, when the business began to decline due to antidiscrimination laws, and one of the Cummings children moved into part of the building on a year-round basis.</p><br>
<p>The Château de Bertangles, also named Château de Clermont-Tonnerre, is a historic castle in Bertangles, Somme, Picardy, France.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built from 1730 to 1734 for Count Louis-Joseph de Clermont-Tonnerre. It was designed by architect Germain Boffrand. The gate, designed by Jean-Baptiste Veyren, was moved here from the Château d&#39;Heilly in 1840.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, the château was the Australian Headquarter under the General John Monash command.</p><br>
<p>On August 12, 1918, Monash was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on the battlefield by King George V, the first time a British monarch had honoured a commander in such a way in 200 years.</p><br>
<p>The interiors were burned in a fire in 1930, and restored shortly after.</p><br>
<p>It was later inherited by politician François de Clermont-Tonnerre.</p><br>
<p>On the eve of ANZAC Day on April 24th 2016, The Governor General of Australia Sir Peter Cosgrove came to Bertangles offering tribute to Sir General John Monash, during a planting-tree ceremony, and the apposition of a commemorating plaque.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed as an official historical monument by the French Ministry of Culture since 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Château d&#39;Hénencourt is a historic castle in Hénencourt, Somme, Picardy, France. It was declared the Hauts-de-France region in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was built in the 17th century. It was owned by Count Charles Malo François Lameth.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, Sir William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood and Australian soldiers were stationed at the chateau. Sir Birdwood slept in the chateau. It was partly bombed by the German invaders in 1918.The left wing of the Château was left in ruin, but the rest of it was made habitable. During World War I, the Contesse de Hénencourt took care of the estate and all of the soldiers that stayed there.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed as an official historical monument by the French Ministry of Culture since 1984.It is now a private residence of Hénencourt descendants.</p><br>
<p>The Roosevelt School, now Hamlin Town Hall, is a historic former school building on United States Route 1A in Hamlin, Maine. Built in 1933, it is the best-preserved of two surviving district school buildings in the rural community. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Roosevelt School building is set overlooking the Saint John River on the east side of Hamlin Road (US Route 1A), a short way north of its junction with Vaughn Road. It is a small single-story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof and patterned shingle siding. Its narrow front facade consists of a center entrance, sheltered by a gable-roofed porch, flanked by sash windows. The southern facade has a bank of five sash windows. The north side of building is mostly taken up by a shed-roof continuation of the main roof, sheltering a wood storage area and two pit toilets. The building is stylistically Craftsman, with exposed rafter ends on the main roof and large brackets on the porch.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1933 to serve district number 2 in the town, which was incorporated as a plantation at that time. It was used as a school until 1951, when the community&#39;s schools were consolidated into a regional district. The design of the school appears to follow one of a number of standard plans commissioned by the state in 1909 (as part of a general plan to improve school conditions statewide), although it is not known which one it is. Many district schools in the smaller communities of the region were built on similar plans, including the Governor Brann School in Cyr Plantation.</p><br>
<p>The Conant-Sawyer House is a historic summer house at 14 Kendall Road in York Beach, Maine. Built in 1877 and enlarged in 1896, it is a well-preserved example of a late 19th-century upper middle-class summer house. Its notable owners include Sumner Wallace, a shoe manufacturer from Rochester, New Hampshire, and Charles Henry Sawyer, Governor of New Hampshire. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Conant-Sawyer Cottage is set on the north side of Nubble Point, near the junction of Kendall Road and Ocean Avenue Extension. Facing north, it is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof, clapboard siding, and a modern concrete foundation. It is essentially L-shaped, with a 2-1/2 story tower at the crook of the L, and a porch that wraps around the east and north sides, and on the west side to the tower. The porch has a decorative balustrade, turned posts with brackets, and a projecting section at the northwest corner which is topped by a shallow pyramidal roof. The interior retains a significant amount of original woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was built in 1877-78 by a New Hampshire contractor, possibly on speculation, as he sold it soon afterward to Dr. Josiah Conant of Somersworth, New Hampshire. The next owner was Charles Henry Sawyer, a businessman from Dover, New Hampshire who also served as that states governor 1887-89. Under Sawyers ownership the building was enlarged in 1896, adding the kitchen wing behind the tower. Continuing the trend of ownership by New Hampshire businessmen and professionals, a subsequent owner was Sumner Wallace, who owned a shoe factory in Rochester. During Wallace&#39;s ownership the building was moved to its present location from one on the bluffs. The area where the cottage stands was known as "Concordville" from early in its development as a middle-class resort area, due to the large number of New Hampshire vacationers. Most of the houses from the same period in the area have been substantially altered.</p><br>
<p>Al Da&#39;asa is an archaeological site located on the western coast of Qatar. It is the most extensive Ubaid site in the country. It was excavated by a Danish team in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The site is theorized to have accommodated a small seasonal encampment, possibly a lodging for a hunting-fishing-gathering group who made recurrent visits. This is evidenced by the discovery of nearly sixty hearths at the site, which may have been utilized to cure fish, in addition to flint tools such as scrapers, cutters, blades and arrow heads. Furthermore, many painted Ubaid potsherds and a carnelian bead were found in the fire pits, suggesting overseas connections.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Under the leadership of Danish archaeologist Holger Kapel, several flint sites in Qatar were excavated from 1960 to 1964. Al Da&#39;asa was the largest of these sites, and was discovered in 1961. A number of highly weathered potsherds were collected from the site for analysis. Shortly after, the site was revealed to a British excavation team who identified the potsherds as originating from the Ubaid period.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the 1961 excavation led by Holger Kapel, the site was again excavated in 1978 by a team led by Beatrice De Cardi.</p><br>
<p>Quern stone fragments, hearths and Ubaid pottery were discovered during the first excavation. A carnelian bead and three fragments of red, non-Ubaid pottery, thought to originate from the Arabian coast, were also among the discoveries.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation</h2><br>
<p>Al Daasas residents are thought to have comprised fishermen or merchants from Ur. However, the stone tools uncovered are consistent with tools used elsewhere in Arabia during the Ubaid period and bear no resemblance to the tools used in southern Mesopotamia.</p><br>
<p>Postholes, meant for tents or huts, were noticed by the excavators. The mass number of hearths suggest mass activity took place during its occupational period, and may be attributed to a relatively sizable population in which each family cooked in a separate fire pit. Another possibility is that the hearths were made to cure and dry large amounts of fish.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Pacific Depot or Villard Depot is a historic railway station in Villard, Minnesota, United States, built in 1882. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for having local significance in exploration/settlement and transportation. The depot was constructed upon the completion of a new Northern Pacific Railway line and the platting of a new trackside town named after the railway&#39;s president Henry Villard. The Little Falls and Dakota Branch line, running between Little Falls and Morris, Minnesota, provided a key link between the agricultural region of west-central Minnesota and the Great Lakes port of Duluth. The depot now marks the eastern terminus of the Villard–Starbuck Trail, a rail trail in development from Villard through Glenwood, Starbuck, and on to Glacial Lakes State Park.</p><br>
<p>Moula Ali hill is a monadnock or dome-shaped hill located in Moula Ali, Hyderabad, India. It is well known for the Moula Ali dargah and a holy stone, which are both on top of the hill.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Moula Ali hill is approximately 614 m tall. It has 484 steps from dargah to bottom of the hill and has about 600 tombs around it.</p><br>
<p>There is another hillock near the Moula Ali hill, called "Qadam -e- Rasul", on which the sacred relics of the prophet were deposited by Mohammad Shakrullah Rahan, a servant of Asaf Jahi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area near the hill has been inhabited by humans since Neolithic times. Excavations have found pottery, iron tools and fragments of human skeleton near the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1578, a eunuch of the Qutub Shahi court named Yakut was ill. He dreamt that a man in green dress told him to visit Moula Ali hill because Ali was waiting for him on top of the hill. In his dream Yakut went to the hill with the man and saw Ali sitting on top of the hill resting his hand on a stone. The next morning, Yaqut&#39;s illness was cured and a stone was found on the hill, which is said to have had the hand marks of Ali on it. After hearing about this incident, the Sultan visited the hill and ordered a dargah to be built on top of the hill. The stone that was found is kept in the shrine on top of the hill.</p><br>
<p>The hill was named Maula Ali, which means My Lord Ali, after the incident. The stone became popular for sufis, ascetics and mystics because of the belief that the stone has healing powers.</p><br>
<p>Qutub shahi sultans began an annual pilgrimage on 17th Rijab to the hill from Golconda, but after sunni Muslims conquered Hyderabad in 1687, the festival temporarily stopped. In the Nizams rule, this festival became one of the two important national festivals.</p><br>
<h2>Moula Ali dargah</h2><br>
<p>The Moula Ali dargah is located on top of the hill. It was built by Sultan Ibrahim Qutub Shah and it is the only dargah dedicated to Hazrat Ali, son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad and the fourth Caliph. Its interior is decorated with thousands of mirrors and it is one of the 11 heritage sites in Hyderabad, identified by the "Heritage conservation committee" of HUDA.</p><br>
<p>Bnai Israel Synagogue  is an historic synagogue in South Bend, Indiana. The oldest synagogue in South Bend, it is also thought to be "Americas only ballpark synagogue." In 2012 the unused synagogue was renovated and reopened as a gift shop for the South Bend Cubs minor league baseball team, whose ballpark abuts the property. The synagogue was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The modest synagogue was built in 1901 by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. The congregation was Orthodox for most of its history; in 1982 it became a Reconstructionist temple and was renamed B&#39;nai Yisrael.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Foundation sold the synagogue to Chris Wood for use as a residence; however the city decided to use the building or the land it stood on as part of its urban renewal efforts and bought the building from Wood in 2007 for $130,000.</p><br>
<p>Plans to use the building as a museum, or to move it to a new location, fell through due to lack of funds, and the building stood neglected and deteriorating for several years.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 Andrew T. Berlin, new owner of the South Bend Cubs baseball team, purchased the synagogue and funded a $1-million renovation. Berlin paid for restoration, including a refurbishment of the buildings handsome brass chandelier, and for new wall paintings combining biblical and baseball themes. A mural of Noahs Ark is captioned "Rain Delay", and a copy of Michelangelos Creation of Adam from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel shows Gods hand encased in a baseball glove as he hands a baseball to Adam. The caption reads: "Play Ball."</p><br>
<p>The preserved building stands on the grounds of Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium, where it serves as the Cubs&#39; team gift shop.</p><br>
<p>A short film about the restoration of the synagogue won a 2013 Emmy Award.</p><br>
<h3>Criticism</h3><br>
<p>Robert Nevel, a Chicago architect who attended the synagogue as a boy, told a reporter that the reuse of the bimah, a central platform from which the Torah is read, as the location of the cash register felt like a kind of "accidental symbolism", almost a "sardonic commentary" on the idea that Jews worship money, and that the design of the access ramp had "mucked up" the building&#39;s stone base, a distinguishing feature of early Chicago style architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The -story structure was designed in Romanesque Revival style. Finished in orange-brick limestone, it has a gabled roof topped by a large stone arch trimmed in white. Its three tall front windows are arched at the top and square at the bottom; a white metal panel with a design of pressed arches separates the top and bottom of each window. The name of the synagogue is engraved above the center window at the base of another arch-shaped design, with an oculus window at the center. On either corner of the front facade is a square brick tourelle with a corbelled base; each tourelle is topped by a pyramid-shaped metal roof with a Star of David finial.</p><br>
<p>The interior design includes a main sanctuary with a balcony for female worshippers, several smaller rooms, and a basement that previously housed a mikveh.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Farrar Mansion, known for much of the 20th Century as Symphony House, is a historic house at 166 Union Street in Bangor, Maine. Built in 1833, it was the first major commission of the noted 19th-century architect Richard Upjohn. Although it was built as a private residence, it was from 1929-72 owned by the Bangor Symphony Orchestra and was home to its music conservatory. It is now part of the Bangor YMCA. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Farrar Mansion is set on the south side of Union Street (Maine State Route 222), at the southwest corner of 2nd Street on Bangor&#39;s west side. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, three bays wide, with a truncated hip roof pierced by steeply-pitched gable dormers. Although the styling of the building is predominantly Greek Revival, it has a number of Colonial Revival alterations from the early 20th century, including its front portico and the bay window above.</p><br>
<p>Design of the house was commissioned by Isaac Farrar, a successful businessman who came to Bangor in 1836. It was the first major commission given to Richard Upjohn, whose early successes in Maine made possible his extensive career as one of the leading architects of the mid-19th century. The house shows that Upjohn was well conversant in the Greek Revival, although his best-known works are Gothic Revival. The house was a private residence until 1911, at which time it was acquired by the University of Maine Law School, which used it as a residency until 1929.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the Bangor Symphony Orchestra purchased the property, renamed it "Symphony House", and operated the Northern Conservatory of Music on the premises, also hosting the music branch of the Bangor Public Library. In 1972 the school closed, and the symphony sold the building the following year to the local YMCA, which now uses it as an exhibit and reception space.</p><br>
<p>Meredosia Lake is a riparian lake that forms part of the valley of the Illinois River. It is located in Cass and Morgan Counties, Illinois. Much of the floodplain isthmus between Lake Meredosia and the river is known as Meredosia Island, and much of the quasi-island and associated lakebed are part of the Meredosia National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<h2>Glacial relic</h2><br>
<p>The drainage, by sudden flood, of a sizable lake of glacial meltwater upon the conclusion of the Wisconsin glacial period left the lower Illinois River valley, including the Meredosia Lake area, as a broad ribbon of relatively impermeable clay and silt bordered by low bluffs.</p><br>
<p>During the post-glacial springtimes, as the climate of Illinois grew warmer, floods caused by snowmelt tended to fill sections of the valley faster than it could be drained during the rest of the year. Eventually the Illinois River became a braided, slow-moving alluvial river bordered by a string of riverside lakes and wetlands. Meredosia Lake is one of these backwater lakes.</p><br>
<h2>Backwater lake and fish</h2><br>
<p>During prehistoric and early historic times, backwater lakes bordering the Illinois, such as Meredosia Lake, became highly productive areas for fishing and waterfowling. The early Illinois River frontier town of Meredosia, Illinois, which is adjacent to the lake, grew through utilization of lakebed resources. Commercial fishing in Lake Meredosia continued at a high level until 1900–1910, when toxic waste was injected into the Illinois River through the newly dug Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Meredosia Lake is a local favorite for recreation, with a boat ramp located north of Meredosia. The lake is filled with silt and very shallow, and boaters primarily use the lake for waterfowling. The Illinois Department of Natural Resources manages the lake for the hunting of ducks, Canada geese, snow geese, and teal.</p><br>
<p>The Louis and Elizabeth Woerner House is a historic house in Portland, Oregon, United States. It was designed by Prairie School architect William Gray Purcell in 1922 and completed in early 1923. Located in the Alameda neighborhood in Northeast Portland, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places  in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built for Louis and Elizabeth Woerner. Louis Woerner was vice president of the Western Cooperage Company at the time the house plans were commissioned. The two-and-one-half story house is in the Arts and Crafts style, also known as American Craftsman. It has an asymmetric plan, with several steeply pitched gables visible from each side. The Woerner family lived in the house until it was sold in 1951. It then passed through several owners, each preserving the original character of the house. No major renovations to its footprint have been made since it was constructed, the most significant changes were an interior remodel of the kitchen and updates to the bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>The house is a locally significant example of Arts and Crafts architecture, but its primary historical significance derives from its noted Minneapolis architect, William Gray Purcell. Purcell was active in Oregon from 1919 until 1930, when an advanced case of tuberculosis forced him to seek a warmer, drier climate in California. During his stay in Oregon, he designed and marketed standardized plans for homes intended for families of modest means. The Woerner house is one of five upscale custom houses he designed in the Portland area in 1920-1924. The Woerner house is the most visible, due to its location atop a small rise on a large lot.</p><br>
<p>The Breakers Point Naval Guns are a historic World War II-era defensive fortification on the island of Tutuila in American Samoa. It consists of two six-inch Mark 8 Model 2 naval guns, mounted on circular concrete platforms about 200 feet above sea level at the end of Papatele Ridge, which flanks the east side of Pago Pago Harbor. The guns, manufactured in 1907, were emplaced in 1941 amid fears of a Japanese invasion of the island, and were left in situ  after invasion fears subsided. They were brought to the site by an innovative railway system that used locally-crafted rails fashioned out of ifil wood when steel rails were not available. The guns are located on private family-owned land, but may be hiked to with permission.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Bucknam House is a historic house on Main Street  in Columbia Falls, Maine, United States. Built in 1820-21, it is one of the state&#39;s finest Federal-period Cape houses, with well-preserved woodwork and other features including original wallpaper in one room. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bucknam House is a modest 1-1/2 story wood frame Cape house, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Oriented to face the northwest, the main facade has a center entry with a wooden fan above, and Doric pilasters at the sides, topped by carved reliefs of wooden urns. A kitchen ell extends to the northeast. Both main block and ell have chimneys capped by distinctive arched brick covers. The interior of the house has detailed woodwork, including beaded moldings, friezes, fireplace mantels, and door frames. The main parlor still has its original wallpaper.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Bucknam had this house built in 1820-21. He was the grandson of John Bucknam, one of Columbia Falls earliest settlers, who established a lumber mill and then a shipyard on the Pleasant River. Samuel apparently inherited his grandfathers businesses, and was thus able to build a relatively high-quality house in this comparatively remote settings.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Inn is a historic hotel at 145 Shore Road in Ogunquit, Maine. The hotel complex is anchored by an 1890 Queen Anne Victorian hotel that is one of the few surviving resort hotels of the period, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The complex also has rooms in adjacent motel spaces; its amenities include a swimming pool, game room, and dining room serving breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Colonial Inn is located on an L-shaped property bordered on the west by Shore Road and the north by Beachmere Lane. The Ogunquit Baptist Church stands south of the main hotel building, in the crook of the L. The main hotel building is a long, roughly rectangular, four-story wood frame structure whose long side faces Beachmere Lane. A single-story porch extends along the length of this facade, which has a projecting three-story section near its center, and a rounded section at the northeast corner. The origins of this building lie in a c. 1850 Greek Revival residence, which was repeatedly extended and enlarged between the 1880s and c. 1920.</p><br>
<p>Extending southward from the eastern end of the main hotel (behind the church, as seen from Shore Road) is a modern two-story motel block, built in 1983. To the east of this building, near its southern end, stands a second two-story motel structure, oriented east-west, that was built about 1961. Just north of that is a c. 1900 Shingle style cottage, 1-1/2 stories in height, that faces eastward toward the ocean. This house was originally the residence of the hotel proprietor. The hotel swimming pool is located just east of the main hotel and north of the 1983 motel block.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is historically significant because it is the only surviving 19th-century hotel in Ogunquit that still serves as a hotel and retains its historic appearance. Other hotels of the period have either been converted to condominiums or (like the neighboring Beachmere) been engulfed by modern alterations. The Colonial Inn property encapsulates an architectural history of tourist accommodations in the area.</p><br>
<p>Al Khor Island, also known as Jazirat bin Ghanim and Purple Island, is an island located in the municipality of Al Khor on the northeast coast of Qatar. It accommodates the only archaeological site in the country attributable to the second millennium BC. There are four main periods of occupation on the island, dating from as early as c. 2000 BC to as late as 1900 AD. The island is best known for being the site of operation of a Kassite-controlled purple dye industry in the second millennium BC.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Al Khor Island is located approximately 50 km north of the capital Doha. It is connected to land by a tapered dirt pathway which runs through a number of streams.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h3>Neolithic</h3><br>
<p>Definitive occupation of the island during the Neolithic period is inconclusive. Several Neolithic campsites and Ubaid potsherds were discovered approximately 6 km east of the island. It has been suggested that the island was visited by these Neolithic inhabitants.</p><br>
<h3>Early Dilmun period</h3><br>
<p>Pottery originating from the Dilmun civilization suggests the island was linked with the Bahrain-based civilization from c. 2000 to 1750 BC. Ceramics dating to the early Dilmun period consist mainly of medium-sized jars and cooking pots. The settlements dating to the Dilmun period may have been established to expedite trade journeys between Bahrain to the closest significant settlement in the Persian Gulf, Tell Abraq. Another scenario entails that the encampments were created by visiting fishermen or pearl fishers from Dilmun. It has also been suggested that the presence of pottery is indicative of trade between the inhabitants of Al Khor Island and the Dilmun civilization, though this is considered unlikely due to the scarce population of Qatar during this period.</p><br>
<h3>Kassite period</h3><br>
<p>The Kassites operated a purple dye industry on the island from c. 1400 to 1100 BC. Among the findings were 3,000,000 crushed snail shells and Kassite potsherds. It has been asserted that the island is the site of the earliest known production of purple shellfish dye. The dye was obtained from the Murex snail and dubbed "Tyrian purple".</p><br>
<h3>Sasanian period</h3><br>
<p>Artifacts originating from the late Sasanian period, from c. 400 to 600 AD, were found.</p><br>
<h3>Late Islamic period</h3><br>
<p>Al Khor Island was inhabited during the late Islamic period, from c. 1700 to 1900.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>The Mission Archéologique Français à Qatar, a French team led by Jacques Tixier, discovered the site in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Pearson Isles  is an island group located in the Australian state of South Australia about 65 km to 72 km west south-west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula within the larger island group, the Investigator Group. The group was discovered and named by Matthew Flinders on 13 February 1802. The group has four members - Pearson Island, a pair of islands known as the Veteran Isles and Dorothee Island. The island group has enjoyed protected area status starting in 1916 and since 2011, it has been part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area. The island group is notable as a venue for scientific research.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Generally</h3><br>
<p>Pearson Isles is an island group located in waters from between 65 km to 72 km west south-west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia.</p><br>
<p>The group consists of the following islands in order of increasing distance from the Australian continental coastline - Pearson Island, Veteran Isles and Dorothee Island.</p><br>
<p>While Pearson Isles is the official name, the group is also known in some sources as the ”Pearson Islands”, the “Pearson Group” and the “Pearson Archipelago”.</p><br>
<h3>Pearson Island</h3><br>
<p>Pearson Island is located about 63 km south west by west of Cape Finniss and about 25 km south west of Flinders Island. Its highest point is a feature called “Hill 781” with a height of 238 m above sea level. “Hill 781” and two other hills, “North Hill” and “East Hill”, which are both of a height greater than 200 m are located on the “north section” while the highest point on the remainder of the island is “South Hill” on the “south section”with a height of 115 m.</p><br>
<h3>Veteran Isles</h3><br>
<p>Veteran Isles is a pair of peaks located about 1 km south of Pearson Island and about 0.5 km apart. The northern island rises to a height of 82 m above sea level while the south island reaches a height of 25 -. One source reports a combined area of 14 hectare for both islands. The northern island “retains pockets of granitic soil’ that supports a shrubland on its upper levels while southern island is bare of soil and therefore vegetation due to wave action. As 1996, access via boat was suggested as being “hazardous” due to the combination of a steep shoreline and sea conditions that need to be calm.</p><br>
<h3>Dorothee Island</h3><br>
<p>Dorothee Island which is located about 4 km south of Pearson Island has an area of about 56 hectare. The island has undergone extensive erosion with the result that a large crevasse bisects the island in the east-west direction, forming a pair of peaks. The north side reaches a height of 140 m while the south side reaches a height of 102 m. The top of both peaks each “retains some pockets of soil, predominantly coarse and granitic but with small patches of calcareous sandy loam”. The island’s east coast is reported in 1996 as providing “enough shelter to allow a cautious landing in all but severe swells”.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>The Pearson Isles were formed about 10,500 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>The four members of the Pearson Isles are the peaks of an inselberg remaining after its gradual concealment by sea level rise. The inselberg is composed of a basement rock granite belonging to a group of rocks associated with an event known as the Hiltaba Suite which is a series of volcanic events occurring about 1,590 million years ago within the area now covered in part by the western Eyre Peninsula, the adjacent interior of the Australian continent and the part of the Great Australian Bight immediately adjoining the western coast of Eyre Peninsula. Landforms on each of the islands are dominated firstly by the granite basement rock and its jointing, and secondly by rock and erosive processes associated with the marine environment. The former class of landforms include “massive curvilinear sheets” on the lower level of the islands and boulders “derived from the breakdown of the sheets” on the upper levels of the islands. The second class of landforms included “remnants of aeolianite-old coastal foredune deposits” associated with a time when the sea level was lowered.</p><br>
<p>The waters around the Pearson Isles fall to water depths greater than 50 m within 500 m from the coastline of Pearson Island and to the south and west sides of Dorothee Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery and use</h3><br>
<h4>European discovery</h4><br>
<p>Flinders discovered and named the island group on Saturday, 13 February 1802. On the same day, Flinders also nominated it as one of the constituent parts of the Investigator Group. Flinders described the island group as follows:To the south-west I distinguished several small islands, of which the northernmost and largest is remarkable from two high and sharp-pointed peaks upon it, lying in latitude 33° 57 and longitude 134° 13. This cluster, as it appeared to be, received the name of Pearson&#39;s Isles; but it is possible that what seemed at a distance to be divided into several may form two or three larger islands, or even be one connected land.</p><br>
<h4>Nomenclature</h4><br>
<p>Flinders never advised the source of the name Pearson. At least five possible sources have been suggested for the island group’s name. The first is that it was named after Flinders’ brother-in-law. However Flinders’ sister did not marry Mr Pearson until 1806, which would suggest that the island group may not have been named until Flinders’ return to the United Kingdom in 1810.</p><br>
<p>The Baudin expedition when it visited later in 1802 proposed the following names. Baudin proposed the name “Les Enfans (sic) Perdus” which translates as “The Lost Children” while Freycinet’s chart uses the name “Is du Veteran” (also spelt “Iles du Veteran” (Veteran Isles)).</p><br>
<p>The anglicised versions of “Iles du Veteran” and “Ile Dorothee” were officially adopted by the South Australian government in 1969 for the three smaller members of the island group in response to the following recommendation made by the Nomenclature Committee within the then Department of Lands in 1965:The Committee recommends the adoption of the names "Veteran Isles" for the two small islands in the Pearson Islands and "Dorothee Island" for the southernmost island in this group. It is with some reservations that the Committee makes this recommendation as these names were first used on the chart of Captain Baudins voyage prepared by F Peron and L de Freycinet and difficulty is experienced in relating islands shown in this chart to present day Admiralty Charts but as these names do not appear on modern charts this recommendation is a means of perpetuating them in the general area of the first use.</p><br>
<h4>Agricultural and other economic use</h4><br>
<p>Pearson Island was briefly used for the grazing of sheep in the 19th century by Anton Schlink, who had leased nearby Flinders Island for the same purpose, with unsuccessful results due to the island’s “unfavourable, rocky and dry nature” and difficulties with stock management.</p><br>
<p>The waters around the island group have been used for commercial fishing, recreational fishing and recreational diving.</p><br>
<h4>Scientific research</h4><br>
<p>The Pearson Isles with particular emphasis on Pearson Island have been the subject of scientific interest since the early twentieth century in respect to its geology, its ecology and its terrestrial and marine flora and fauna. The Isles are an attractive destination for scientists because of their relative remoteness, the relatively low human impact and the absence of introduced pests.</p><br>
<h4>Navigation aid</h4><br>
<p>A navigation aid has been located on the middle section of Pearson Island since 1968. It consists of a 2 m high tower with a group flashing light placed at a height of 79 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>The Pearson Isles first received protected area status on 27 July 1916 as part of a bird protection district declared under the Birds Protection Act 1900 and the Animals Protection Act 1912 to protect the population of black-footed rock wallaby living on Pearson island.</p><br>
<p>The Pearson Isles were subsequently proclaimed part of a fauna reserve declared under the Fauna Conservation Act 1964 either on 1 September 1966 or 16 March 1967.</p><br>
<p>The island group and other adjoining islands became part of the Investigator Group Conservation Park proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1972 “to protect delicate island ecology and Australian sea lion and New Zealand fur seal haul-out areas”. On 25 August 2011, it was one of the island groups excised from the Investigator Group Conservation Park to form the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area.</p><br>
<p>Since 2012, the waters adjoining the Pearson Isles have been part of a sanctuary zone in the Investigator Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Dorothee Island  is an island in the Australian state of South Australia which is part of the Pearson Isles which itself is part of the larger island grouping known as the Investigator Group. It is located about 69 km west south-west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. It was discovered as part of the Pearson Isles by Matthew Flinders on 13 February 1802. The island was given its name in August 1969 in order to preserve a name used within the locality by the Baudin expedition. The island has enjoyed protected area status since at least 1972 and since 2011, it been part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Dorothee Island is located about 4 km south of Pearson Island and about 69 km west-southwest of Cape Finniss on the west coast of the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. It is part of the island group known as the Pearson Isles. The island has an area of about 56 hectare. The island has undergone extensive erosion with the result that a large crevasse bisects the island in the east-west direction, forming a pair of peaks. The north side reaches a height of 140 m while the south side reaches a height of 102 m. The top of both peaks each “retains some pockets of soil, predominantly coarse and granitic but with small patches of calcareous sandy loam”. The island’s east coast is reported in 1996 as providing “enough shelter to allow a cautious landing in all but severe swells”.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>Dorothee Island was formed along with the rest of the Pearson Isles about 10,500 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, Dorothee Island and the other parts of the Pearson Isles are the summits of an inselberg partially concealed by sea level rise.</p><br>
<p>Dorothee Island’s southern and western sides fall to water depths greater than 50 m within 500 m from its shoreline.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>As of 1996, Dorothee Island retained significant soil around its twin peaks and shelter to support the following five plant associations which are informed by the specific characteristics of the soil and the associated exposure to the elements.</p><br>
<p>The deepest and the most sheltered granitic soils are vegetated by a heath dominated by twiggy daisy-bush followed by other heath species such as common correa, black-anther flax lily and coast beard-heath as well as two small patches of Cape Leeuwin wattle.</p><br>
<p>A “calcareous sandy loam” associated with the central crevasse on the northern half of the island supports a grey saltbush heath.</p><br>
<p>The granitic soils associated with the island’s southern peak support a shrubland of marsh saltbush that forms a perimeter around the twiggy daisy-bush confined to the peak.</p><br>
<p>The thinnest soils support herbfields dominated by rosy stork&#39;s bill.</p><br>
<p>Soils at top of the granite ridges closest to the sea are occupied by herblands of round-leaved pigface.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Vertebrate animals observed on the island include mammals, birds and reptiles. As of 1980 and 1990, mammals are represented by New Zealand fur seals and Australian sea lions who use the island as a haul-out site. Observations of both species published in 2014 advise that only fur seals have been using the island in the recent past as a breeding colony.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, birds were represented by the following species: Australian kestrel, Australian raven, barn owl, black cormorant, Cape Barren geese, common starling, crested tern, fork-tailed swift, house sparrow, masked lapwing, Pacific gull, rock parrot, ruddy turnstone, short-tailed shearwater, silvereye, silver gull, welcome swallow, white-faced heron, white-faced storm petrel and breeding populations of the following species: little penguin, sooty oystercatcher, white-faced storm petrel and short-tailed shearwater.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, reptiles were represented by the following species: peninsula dragon and four-toed earless skink.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery</h3><br>
<p>Dorothee Island is part of the island group which was first sighted by Matthew Flinders on Saturday, 13 February 1802 and who subsequently named the group as the Pearson Isles on the same day.</p><br>
<h3>Scientific research</h3><br>
<p>Dorothee Island is one of a number of islands in South Australia where specifically marked locations known as “photopoints” have been established for photographing vegetation at periodic intervals in order to identify changes occurring in the absence of a permanent human presence or introduced pests such as rabbits.</p><br>
<h2>Nomenclature</h2><br>
<p>The island was officially named as Dorothee Island, being the anglicised version of “Ile Dorothee”, in August 1969 by the South Australian government in response to the following recommendation made by the Nomenclature Committee in 1965 within the then Department of Lands:The Committee recommends the adoption of the names "Veteran Isles" for the two small islands in the Pearson Islands and "Dorothee Island" for the southernmost island in this group. It is with some reservations that the Committee makes this recommendation as these names were first used on the chart of Captain Baudins voyage prepared by F Peron and L de Freycinet and difficulty is experienced in relating islands shown in this chart to present day Admiralty Charts but as these names do not appear on modern charts this recommendation is a means of perpetuating them in the general area of the first use.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>Dorothee Island is first mentioned as specifically receiving protected area status in 1972 as part of the Investigator Group Conservation Park proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 for the purpose of protecting “delicate island ecology and Australian sea lion and New Zealand fur seal haul-out areas”. On 25 August 2011, it was one of the islands excised from the Investigator Group Conservation Park to form the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area. Since 2012, the waters adjoining Dorothee Island have been part of a sanctuary zone in the Investigator Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Veteran Isles  is a pair of islands in the Australian state of South Australia which is part of the Pearson Isles which itself is part of the larger island group known as the Investigator Group. It is located about 69 km west south-west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. It was discovered as part of the Pearson Isles by Matthew Flinders on 13 February 1802. The island was given its name in August 1969 in order to preserve a name used within the locality by the Baudin expedition. The island has enjoyed protected area status since at least 1972 and since 2011, it been part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Veteran Isles is a pair of peaks located about 1 km south of Pearson Island and about 0.5 km apart. The northern island rises to a height of 82 m above sea level while the south island reaches a height of 25 -. One source reports a combined area of 14 hectare for both islands. The northern island “retains pockets of granitic soil’ that supports a shrubland on its upper levels while southern island is bare of soil and therefore vegetation due to wave action. As 1996, access via boat was suggested as being “hazardous” due to the combination of a steep shoreline and sea conditions that need to be calm.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>The Veteran Isles were formed along with the rest of the Pearson Isles about 10,500 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the Veteran Isles and the other parts of the Pearson Isles are the summits of an inselberg partially concealed by sea level rise.</p><br>
<p>The waters adjoining Veteran Isles are shown on Admiralty Charts as falling immediately to depths equal and greater than 50 m from the Isles&#39; shoreline.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>As of 1996, the north island supported low shrublands dominated respectively by two species - marsh saltbush and twiggy daisy-bush. As of 1996, the southern island was reported as being bare of soil and vegetation presumably due to being washed away by swells breaking over the island.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Vertebrate animals observed on both islands consist of mammals, birds and reptiles.</p><br>
<p>The northern island has been observed in 1980 as being used as a haul out both by Australian sea lions and New Zealand fur seals, although a survey conducted in 2014 found no fur seals to be present. Bird species which are considered to be residents include sooty oystercatcher, little penguin and rock parrot while species observed on the island such as Cape Barren geese are considered to be visitors. Reptiles are represented by the marbled gecko, the four-toed earless skink and the peninsula dragon.</p><br>
<p>The southern island has been observed as being used as a haul out by New Zealand fur seals, although a survey conducted in 2014 revealed the possible use of the island as a breeding site. Other species observed on the island in 1980 and which are considered to be visiting include Australian sea lion, sooty oystercatcher and Pacific gull.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery</h3><br>
<p>Veteran Isles is part of the island group sighted by Matthew Flinders on Saturday, 13 February 1802 and who subsequently named the group as the Pearson Isles on the same day.</p><br>
<h2>Nomenclature</h2><br>
<p>The pair of islands was officially named in August 1969 by the South Australian government as the “Veteran Isles”, being the anglicised version of “Iles du Veteran”, in response to the following recommendation made by the Nomenclature Committee in 1965 within the then Department of Lands: The Committee recommends the adoption of the names "Veteran Isles" for the two small islands in the Pearson Islands and "Dorothee Island" for the southernmost island in this group. It is with some reservations that the Committee makes this recommendation as these names were first used on the chart of Captain Baudins voyage prepared by F Peron and L de Freycinet and difficulty is experienced in relating islands shown in this chart to present day Admiralty Charts but as these names do not appear on modern charts this recommendation is a means of perpetuating them in the general area of the first use.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>The Veteran Isles are first mentioned as specifically receiving protected area status in 1972 as part of the Investigator Group Conservation Park proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 for the purpose of protecting “delicate island ecology and Australian sea lion and New Zealand fur seal haul-out areas”. On 25 August 2011, it was one of the islands excised from the Investigator Group Conservation Park to form the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area. Since 2012, the waters adjoining Veteran Isles have been part of a sanctuary zone in the Investigator Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Pearson Island is an island located in the Australian state of South Australia within the Pearson Isles an island group located in the larger group known as the Investigator Group about 63 km southwest by west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. The group was discovered and named by Matthew Flinders on 13 February 1802. The island group has enjoyed protected area status since the 1960s and since 2011, it has been part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area. Pearson Island is notable both for its colony of Pearson Island rock-wallaby and for being a destination for scientific research.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Pearson Island is located about 63 km south west by west of Cape Finniss and about 25 km south west of Flinders Island. It is the largest of four islands that form the island group known as the Pearson Isles or the Pearson Islands.</p><br>
<p>It consists of one land mass with two relatively smaller peaks rising out of the sea in an arc extending to the south east via a spit of rock connected to its most southerly point. The arc encloses a bay known as “Anchorage Cove” which is sheltered from the weather both from the west and the south and which can be respectively used as an anchorage and as a landing point. The three parts of the island are informally referred to in one source respectively as the “north section”, the “middle section” and the “south section”. A unnamed rock which is permanently dry is located immediately west of the "south section" of Pearson Island.</p><br>
<p>The island has an area of 213 hectare.</p><br>
<p>The “north section” has two valleys - one opening onto a bay to the north known as “East Cove” while the other valley opens onto an unnamed cove on the east side of the island. Each is enclosed on one side by the ridge line on the west side of the island that connects “North Hill” and “Hill 781” and by a ridge line that connects “Hill 781” to “East Hill”. Each valley has a drainage system which drains into a creek which are respectively known as “North Creek” and “Main Creek”.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>Pearson Island was formed along with the rest of the Pearson Isles about 10,500 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, Pearson Island and the other members of the Pearson Isles are the summits of an inselberg partially concealed by sea level rise. Pearson Island exhibits landforms caused firstly by the formation of the inselberg and the characteristics of the granite from which it formed and secondly by the erosive and formative processes associated with the sea.</p><br>
<p>Firstly, landforms associated with the formation of the inselberg and with its constituent material respectively are sheet structures and orthogonal jointing. Sheet structures which are flat or curvilinear layers of granite which have separated from the body of the inselberg due to stresses within the overall granite body. The presence of orthogonal jointing within the sheet structures at right angles to the plane of the sheet structures create access for moisture into joints resulting in enlargement of the joints and the ultimate fracture of the sheet into “cubic, quadrangular or rhomboidal blocks” which can become either individual or field of free-standing granite boulders of 2 - in height.</p><br>
<p>Secondly, the action of the sea has resulted in the erosion of the “lower inclined sheet structures” on the west side of the island at sea level resulting in the formation of a steep cliff face when compared to the relatively flat profile of the east side of the island. The eastern side of the island including the coastline of “Anchorage Cove” has layers of an aeolianite limestone up to 6 - above the present sea level which suggests that sea level was higher at some time in the past.</p><br>
<p>The waters around Pearson Island fall to water depths greater than 50 m within 500 m from the island’s coastline.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>As of 1996, at least six plant associations are reported as being present on Pearson Island.</p><br>
<p>Firstly, the parts of the island above the height of 100 m above sea level support a woodland of sheoak where both shelter and soil is present. The woodland’s density increases with altitude with the result that individual sheoaks will reach a height of 3 m and support an understorey of species such as dryland tea tree, ruby saltbush and rock fern.</p><br>
<p>Secondly, below the altitude of 100 m, two Melaleuca species, dryland tea tree and swamp paperbark, are present as thickets with the former species being reported as the “most widespread” of the two species.</p><br>
<p>Thirdly, a scrub of swamp paperbark is present along the Main Creek watercourse in the eastern valley where favourable conditions such as “highly saline” soil and the shelter provided by the valley are present. Areas of the island close to its coastline have a heath cover.</p><br>
<p>Fourthly, where the soil is granitic in origin, the heath is dominated by twiggy daisy-bush with sub-ordinate species such as common correa and shore westringia.</p><br>
<p>Fifthly, grey saltbush dominates in the limestone-derived soils while marsh saltbush is present in both soil types.</p><br>
<p>Sixthly, a herbfield featuring both karkalla and Austral stork&#39;s bill and fringed with round-leaved pigface is found on “the thinnest, most exposed soils on top of granite outcrops fronting the sea”.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Vertebrate animals observed on Person Island consist of mammals, birds and reptiles.</p><br>
<p>As of 1996, the following mammals have been observed - Pearson Island rock-wallaby, bush rat and a breeding colony of Australian sea lion.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, the following birds have been observed - Richards pipit, wedge tailed eagle, white-faced heron, eastern reef egret, ruddy turnstone, masked woodswallow, galah, red-necked stint, Cape Barren geese, Horsfields rufous tailed, Australian raven, white-fronted chat, crimson chat, rockhopper penguin, Australian kestrel, white bellied sea eagle, welcome swallow, silver gull, Pacific gull, singing honeyeater, budgerigah, rock parrot, golden whistler, osprey, house sparrow, red-capped robin, red-tailed tropicbird, great cormorant, white-browed scrubwren, crested tern, common starling, hooded dotterel, barn owl, masked plover, silver eye and breeding colonies of fairy tern, little penguin and sooty oystercatcher.</p><br>
<p>As of 1996, the following reptiles have been observed - marbled gecko, four-toed earless skink, peninsula dragon and four-toed earless skink.</p><br>
<h4>Pearson Island rock-wallaby</h4><br>
<p>Pearson Island rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis pearsoni) is a sub-species of the black-footed rock-wallaby which became isolated on what is now Pearson Island by sea level rise about 10.500 years ago. Specimens were first collected by F Woods Jones in 1920 and described as a new species in 1922. It was subsequently re-described as a sub-species of the black-footed rock-wallaby. The rock-wallabies originally occupied the “north section” of the island until 1960 when six specimens were accidentally released onto the “middle” and “south” sections of the island. By 1976, the six specimens had reproduced into a population estimated at 150 individuals compared with a population on the “north section” estimated between 250 and 300 in 1975. In 1974 and 1975 respectively, groups of rock-wallabies from the "north section" of Pearson Island were transferred to Thistle Island and Wedge Island in Spencer Gulf where the populations are reported in 2008 as being respectively 500 and 200 individuals.</p><br>
<h4>Little penguin</h4><br>
<p>Little penguins were mentioned as being present on Pearson Island as early as 1914 and 1923. In 2006, the little penguin colony on Pearson Island was surveyed as having 12,000 birds, making it the largest single colony in South Australia. As of 2011, the Pearson Island colonys status is unknown. In 2013, a tour operator based on Kangaroo Island visited the island and reported that the little penguins were "missing". A little penguin survey was scheduled to be conducted on Pearson Island by the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) in 2013. As of March 2014, the SARDI surveys results remain unpublished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery and use</h3><br>
<h4>European discovery</h4><br>
<p>Pearson Island is part of the island group which was first sighted by Matthew Flinders on Saturday, 13 February 1802 and subsequently named by Flinders on the same day as the Pearson Isles.</p><br>
<h4>Naming of the island</h4><br>
<p>The name of island derived from that of the group. While the name is widely used, it is not officially named. It also is referred to as the “North Island” within the context of the Pearson Isles by a number of sources.</p><br>
<h4>Agricultural and other economic use</h4><br>
<p>Pearson Island was briefly used for the grazing of sheep in the 19th century by Anton Schlink, who had leased nearby Flinders Island for the same purpose, however, with unsuccessful results due to the island’s “unfavourable, rocky and dry nature” and difficulties with stock management.</p><br>
<p>The waters immediately adjoining the island have been used for commercial fishing, recreational fishing and recreational diving.</p><br>
<h4>Scientific research</h4><br>
<p>Pearson Island has been the subject of scientific interest since the early twentieth century in respect to its geology, its ecology and its terrestrial and marine flora and fauna. The island and its companions are an attractive destination for scientists because of their relative remoteness, the relative low human impact and the absence of introduced pests.</p><br>
<p>While first sighted in 1802 by Flinders, the island group was not visited by Robert Brown, the botanist accompanying Flinders, and the literature suggest that it was not visited by any of the scientists accompanying the Baudin expedition visited the island to make observations.</p><br>
<p>Pearson Island was first visited by Edgar Waite, the then director of the South Australian Museum in 1914 followed by F Woods Jones, the then chair of anatomy at the University of Adelaide in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The island was then the subject of three expeditions organised by the Royal Society of South Australia (RSSA) in the years 1923, 1960 and 1969. The 1923 expedition was funded by Sir George Murray, the then chief justice of Supreme Court of South Australia and led by F Woods Jones. The 1960 expedition was led by T. D. Campbell, anthropologist and a former Professor of Dentistry at the University of Adelaide. The 1969 expedition was a joint project conducted in conjunction with the then Department of Fisheries and Fauna Conservation and was led by scientists Scoresby Shepherd and I.M. Thomas.</p><br>
<p>The most recent expedition discussed in the literature is an expedition organised by the then Department of Environment and Heritage in 2006 to visit islands within the Investigator Group including Pearson Island and included a range of personnel from various government agencies including archaeologists, botanists, geologists and zoologists.</p><br>
<h4>Navigation aid</h4><br>
<p>A navigation aid has been located on the middle section of Pearson Island since 1968. It consists of a 2 m high tower with a group flashing light placed at a height of 79 m above sea level. The land on which the aid is located is owned by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) which is the Australian government agency responsible for navigation aids. Access to the island for the maintenance of the navigation aid is via helicopter.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>Pearson Island first received protected area status as part of the Pearson Isles on 27 July 1916 as part of a bird protection district declared under the Birds Protection Act 1900 and the Animals Protection Act 1912, to protect the black-footed rock wallaby.</p><br>
<p>The Pearson Isles were subsequently proclaimed as part of a fauna reserve declared under the Fauna Conservation Act 1964 either on 1 September 1966 or 16 March 1967.</p><br>
<p>The island and other members of the group became part of the Investigator Group Conservation Park proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1972 to "protect delicate island ecology and Australian sea lion and New Zealand fur seal haul-out areas”. On 25 August 2011, it and the rest of the Pearson Isles were excised from the Investigator Group Conservation Park to form the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area.</p><br>
<p>Since 2012, the waters adjoining Pearson Island have been part of a sanctuary zone in the Investigator Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Wajxaklajun   is a ruin of the ancient Maya civilization situated adjacent to the modern town of San Mateo Ixtatán, in the Huehuetenango Department of Guatemala. Wajxaklajun is considered to be the most important archaeological site in the San Mateo Ixtatán area. The site has been dated to the Classic period . The Chuj Maya consider the city to have been built by their ancestors. The site has similarities with other nearby highland Maya ruins; it is unusual for the presence of a number of stelae, a feature more associated with lowland sites during the Classic period, probably indicating some level of exchange with lowland cities.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Wajxaklajun means "eighteen" in the Chuj language; this has been interpreted as deriving from the site originally consisting of eighteen mounds. This is a modern interpretation however, and it is possible that the name originally derived from a Maya calendrical name. A longer form of the name has been recorded as Chonjab Tepan Wajxaklajun; this translates as "town and temple eighteen", from chonhap "town", and tepan "church". Alternative names for the site include Yolk&#39;u (meaning "in the sun") and El Calvario, sometimes contracted to Carvao, or Curvao. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, Wajxaklajun was given the Nahuatl name Ystapalan (meaning "place of salt"); this was later modified to Ystatlan ("abundance of salt" in Nahuatl).</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Wajxaklajun is situated upon a ridge in the Cuchumatanes range, Wajxaklajun is 40 km east of the Classic-period site of Quen Santo, and is 60 km from Chinkultic.</p><br>
<h2>Interactions with neighbouring groups</h2><br>
<p>The site is likely to have had trade links with highland Chiapas, in Mexico, and indirectly with the Maya lowlands. The Chuj are believed to have traded salt from the local springs with the Tojolabal Maya in return for cacao. Local tradition holds that the Chuj captured the salt springs from the Tojolabal in battle.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The main axis of the site has an orientation of S 52° E, aligned along the spur occupied by the ruins. The site is distributed over three different levels, consisting of the ground level of the ridge, an area of elevated terrain to the northeast, and a depression to the southwest. The elevation and the depression were both natural features that were incorporated into the pre-Columbian town. Several range structures are situated upon the northeastern portion of the ridge, and upon the elevation, with a view across the valley to nearby salt springs. The slope occupying the southwestern portion of the site was modified with the construction of five stepped platforms, in a similar manner to that of Mesoamerican pyramids. The lower portion of the site supports a large structure that was probably a pyramid.</p><br>
<p>Unusually, Wajxaklajun possesses a number of stelae. Stelae were rarely erected in the highlands after the Preclassic period, and their presence at the site may indicate contacts with the Maya lowlands, where a strong tradition of raising stelae existed during the Classic period. Wajxaklajun is close to Quen Santo, a Classic-period site with hieroglyphic inscriptions.</p><br>
<p>The first modern investigator to mention the ruins was Franz Termer, a German who visited the site in 1926, and mentioned it in print the following year. La Farge and Byres published a detailed description of the site in 1931. Investigators in the first half of the 20th century identified close similarities between Wajxaklajun and nearby sites in Chiapas, such as Tenam Puente and Chinkultic, as well as similarities with Zaculeu, the Mam capital, near modern Huehuetenango city.</p><br>
<p>La Farge and Byres described the site in terms of three levels.</p><br>
<h3>Level 1</h3><br>
<p>This level consists of the highest portion of the site, occupying the northern portion of the ridge. A portion of the southeastern side of Level 1 is exposed bedrock; the rest of the southeast side, together with the southwest side, have been terraced into steps. Access to Level 1 from Level 2 is presumed to have been by a stairway on the southeast side, but any evidence of these has been eroded by a modern path.</p><br>
<p>Mound E is to the southeast of Building 10. It occupied an intermediary terrace between Levels 1 and 2, on the southeast side of Level 1.</p><br>
<p>Mound G is situated at the northern extreme of the archaeological site. It was heavily overgrown when examined in the early 20th century, and supported two wooden crosses.</p><br>
<p>Building 10 stands approximately 35 m southeast of Mound G, separated from it by a flat expanse. The building stands atop an artificially levelled terrace. The terrain drops away sharply on the northeast, southeast and southwest sides.</p><br>
<h3>Level 2</h3><br>
<p>This level lies immediately southeast of Level 1. A 1 to 1.5 m high foundation terrace supports Mounds A and E, and has an addition 0.5 m high step where it borders Plaza III. This terrace extends along the southeastern base of Level 1 and across the northeastern side of Level 2, where steps lead down to Plaza III. On a narrow stretch of the terrace between Plazas I and II are five plain stelae.</p><br>
<p>Plaza I is a small depression in the terrace supporting Mounds A and E, and is at the same level as the main Level 2.</p><br>
<p>Plaza II is to the southeast of Mound A.</p><br>
<p>Plaza III is to the northeast of Mound A, to which it was probably the main approach.</p><br>
<p>Mound A dominates this level. It stands approximately 10 m high and measures 45 m in length, aligned along the ridge. The northeastern side is badly ruined, and borders on Plaza III.</p><br>
<p>Mound B is the remains of a small structure overlooking Level 3. It is at the extreme southeast of Level 2. It is immediately southeast of Mound B.</p><br>
<p>Mound C is another small structure overlooking Level 3. It is also at the extreme southeast of Level 2. It is to the southwest of Mound B, and south of Mound A.</p><br>
<p>Mound D is a small, badly ruined mound in the middle of Plaza II. It supports a modern wooden cross.</p><br>
<h3>Level 3</h3><br>
<p>Level 3 is the lowest level, and represents the natural ground level on this part of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>Mound H is a badly ruined mound, southwest of the main structures on Levels 1 and 2, an axis with Mound E and former Mound I.</p><br>
<p>Mound I was a small, badly ruined structure southwest of the principal structures on Levels 1 and 2. It lay between Mounds E and H.</p><br>
<h2>Threats</h2><br>
<p>The archeological site is endangered by the urban growth of San Mateo Ixtatán, with the building of new homes taking place on top of the ruins. The demand for land for building is such that the municipal authorities lack the incentive to protect the pre-Columbian remains.</p><br>
<h2>Local traditions</h2><br>
<p>The local Chuj Maya inhabitants of San Mateo Ixtatán consider the ruins to have been built by their ancestors, who were either killed by the Spanish invaders or fled to the hills. These ancestors are understood to have built the monumental architecture in order to be remembered by future generations, which relates well to the current understanding by archaeologists that such architecture was related to particular lineages, and was associated with ancestor worship. The modern Chuj regard the ruins as a sacred place, and it is still the focus of traditional festivities. Tojolabal inhabitants of Chiapas carry out pilgrimages to Wajxaklajun in order to perform ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>Sligo Bay is a natural ocean bay in County Sligo, Republic of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sligo Bay is opened between Aughris Head (South side) and Roskeeragh Point (North). The inner part of the bay is divided into three smaller bodies of water, hosting the estuaries of three rivers: Drumcliff, Garavogue and Bonet.</p><br>
<p>The river Garavogue reaches the bay in its central part, named Sligo Harbour, which is divided from the outher part of the bay by three small islands: Coney, Oyster and Maguins. On the southern branch of Sligo Bay also has its mouth the Ballisodare River, near the village of the same name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Large beaches and tidal plains located around the bay are a good habitat for shellfish. This kind of food attracted settlers since the Stone Age, as demonstrated by a number of middens discovered in the area by archeologists.</p><br>
<p>During the centuries in waters of the bay occurred several shipwrecks. Quite well studied is the wreck of Labia (25 September 1588), a 728 tons Veneitan ship. Shipwrecks became almost common during the following centuries and their number started to decrease with the decline of the port of Sligo in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Sligo Airport is located on the bay&#39;s shore, at the foot of Knocknarea, a hill which overlooks the peninsula between Sliho Harbour and Ballysadare Bay (Bonet estuary).</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouses</h2><br>
<p>There are four lighthouses in Sligo Bay.</p><br>
<h3>Blackrock (Sligo) Lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>The 25m high Blackrock lighthouse 54&deg;18&prime;28&Prime;N latitude, 8&deg;37&prime;4&Prime;W longitude in Sligo Bay is notable for having external steps until halfway up the tower.</p><br>
<h3>Lighthouses near Rosses Point</h3><br>
<p>Sligo Bay hosts three lighthouses near Rosses point, the Metal Man, Lower Rosses and Oyster Island lighthouses.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Sligo Bay is concerned by the Donegal to Mayo section of the Wild Atlantic Way.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>Ballysadare Bay hosts a well known seal colony.</p><br>
<p>The estuaries area is protected under European legislation being listed as a NATURA 2000 site; it is also a Natural Heritage Area, defined and managed by the Irish National Parks & Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<p>The Skowhegan Free Public Library is the public library of Skowhegan, Maine. It is located at 9 Elm Street, in an architecturally significant Queen Anne brick building designed by Edwin E. Lewis and completed in 1890. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The library is managed by the Bloomfield Academy Trustees.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The library is located on the north side of Elm Street, just west of its junction with Madison Avenue (United States Route 201), and overlooking the Kennebec River. The building is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, with asymmetrical massing characteristic of the Queen Anne period. Its main block has a hip roof, with a projecting gable section at the left side of the front (south-facing) facade, and an octagonal tower projecting forward from the right side of the facade, with then entrance between these two elements. An ell extends to the rear of the main block. The gable section has bands of three sash windows on both levels, with a large semicircular terra cotta panel above. The first-floor windows are in segmented-arch openings. The entrance is set in a terra-cotta arch, which was originally open but has since been closed in. The tower at the right has an entablature with terra cotta decoration below its octagonal pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>The buildings interior is of extremely high quality and preservation. It has ornate millwork, moldings, and stained glass, and includes furniture built to match the buildings features. Wooden shelving is built into place between the floor and ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The library was built in part due to the efforts and donations of native son Abner Coburn, who gave land and funding for its construction. The building was designed by Gardiner architect Edwin E. Lewis, and is one of Somerset County&#39;s finest non-residential Queen Anne buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Bailey Allinder House is a historic house located at 301 Skyline Drive in the Park Hill neighborhood of North Little Rock, Arkansas. It is representative of the transition from the Minimal Traditional style to the Ranch style form, yet it also reflects subtle Rustic influences reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s incorporation of natural materials and setting in the design of his work.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a single-story L-shaped structure, fashioned out of sandstone and fieldstone. The house, built in 1948-49, represents a stylistic transition between the pre-World War II minimalist architecture of the early houses in the neighborhood, and more typical Ranch style construction found in later houses. Bailey Allinder was an auto mechanic; his wife was a piano teacher.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 2002.</p><br>
<p>Kafartab  was a town and fortress in northwestern Syria that existed during the medieval period between the fortress cities of Maarat al-Numan in the north and Shaizar to the south. It was situated along the southeastern slopes of Jabal al-Zawiya. According to French geographer Robert Boulanger, writing in the early 1940s, Kafartab was "an abandoned ancient site" located 2.5 mi northwest of Khan Shaykhun.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Medieval period</h3><br>
<p>During the Second Fitna, when the Umayyad army under Yazid I killed Husayn, the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the people of Kafartab were among the Syrian cities who mourned Husayns death and condemned his killers. During the Abbasid era, in the late 9th century CE, Kafartab was noted by medieval Arab geographer al-Yaqubi as a town "in a thirsty desert plain" with no springs in its vicinity. Its inhabitants collected water from rain showers to store for later use. In 985, al-Muqaddasi wrote that the town belonged to Jund Hims (Homs Province).</p><br>
<p>Kafartab was besieged by the Banu Kilab tribe in 1012 to pressure the emir of Aleppo, Mansur ibn Lulu, to release Kilabi prisoners being held in the Citadel of Aleppo; the attempt failed as Kafartab&#39;s defenders repelled the Kilabi tribesmen. In 1026, when the region around the town was ruled by the Kilabi Mirdasid dynasty, the emir of Aleppo, Salih ibn Mirdas, awarded Kafartab to the Banu Munqidh as a feudal territory. The Banu Munqidh were a family from the Kinanah tribe. In 1047, it was visited by the Persian traveler Nasir Khusraw.</p><br>
<p>During the early summer of 1104, Antioch-based Crusaders abandoned Kafartab shortly after the Seljuks of Aleppo captured Maarrat al-Numan and Maarrat Misrin from them. In the summer of 1106, the Prince Tancred of Antioch once again brought Kafartab under Crusader control. Throughout 1115, Kafartab switched hands from the Crusaders of Antioch to the Seljuks under emir Bursuq and back to the Crusaders. The Crusaders rebuilt and repopulated the town, which was heavily damaged in previous battles. The Seljuk emir Aq Sunqur captured the town, which was attacked and captured by Bohemond II of Antioch later that year.</p><br>
<p>The Zengid leader Imad ad-Din Zengi conquered Kafartab and other fortress cities along the eastern frontier of Antioch&#39;s territories, such as Atarib, Maarrat al-Numan and Zardana in the spring of 1135. In the summer of 1157, a massive earthquake nearly destroyed Kafartab and other major towns in the region and killed most of the Banu Munqidh family, including its chief Taj al-Dawla Nasir al-Din Muhammad. Ten years later, the town was given to Saladin by the Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din as a reward for his victories in defending Egypt from the Crusaders. Saladin returned to Egypt and overthrew its Fatimid rulers, founded the Ayyubid dynasty and launched an invasion of Syria. As his forces approached the Zengid stronghold of Aleppo in 1176, he entered a truce with them that preserved their territory other than Kafartab, which he demanded be ceded back to him. Kafartab was under the control of az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo in 1202. Two years prior it was ruled by the Ayyubid emir Shams ad-Din ibn al-Muqaddam. In 1241 Kafartab, then a part of the domain of the Banu al-Daya family, was sacked and looted by the Khwarazemids.</p><br>
<h3>Mamluk era</h3><br>
<p>In a treaty between the Bahri Mamluk sultan Baibars and the Knights Hospitallers, Kafartab is confirmed as part of the Mamluk territories. During a conflict between Sultan Qalawun and his viceroy Sunqur al-Ashqar in 1281-82, the latter ceded Shaizar to Qalawun in exchange for Kafartab, Apamea, Antioch and other territories. During the Mamluk period, Kafartab was a subdistrict town in the Halab Mamlaka (Aleppo Province), which like other towns with its status, served as a local trade center for smaller localities in its orbit.</p><br>
<p>In the early 14th century, the historian and Ayyubid emir Abu&#39;l-Fida mentioned Kafartab, saying it was "a town so small as to be like a village, where there is but little water". At that time it served as the principal town of its district and its inhabitants produced clay pots which they exported to the surrounding regions. In 1362, Kafartab was one of a number of localities to survive a plague that spread across Syria. In the 17th century, during Ottoman rule, Kafartab was designated as a kaza (judicial district) of the Aleppo Vilayet (Aleppo Province).</p><br>
<p>The Holly Theatre is a historic Spanish Colonial Revival theater in Medford, Jackson County, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Holly theater was the second motion picture house to open in Medford. Construction of the building began in 1929, but was halted due to the Great Depression. Construction resumed in March 1930, and was completed later that year.</p><br>
<p>Holly Theatre accommodated vaudeville and movies. The 1200-seat theater, large enough to seat ten percent of Medford&#39;s population when it was built, It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Medford Downtown Historic District in 1998.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the JPR Foundation, a subsidiary of Jefferson Public Radio, purchased the theater with plans to restore it, as they had done with the Cascade Theatre in Redding, California.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, the JPR Foundation purchased the building and began restoration on it. The restoration was estimated to cost 3.5 million USD. The building had failed ceiling trusses and a leaking roof which were repaired. The façade of the building was restored to its original appearance as it was first built in 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the JPR Foundation opened the theater for public tours of its restoration process. The foundation will be offering twice-monthly tours to promote its fund-raising campaign. The interior is currently under construction, exposing beams, stained walls, and faded paint. The public tour includes 144 steps to climb to the top of building. An elevator is not present in the building, but one will be installed as part of the restoration.</p><br>
<p>Actor Jim Belushi was to perform a benefit concert at EdenVale Winery in the summer of 2015 as a part of the Holly Theatre restoration efforts. "He came and fell in love with the theater", Randy McKay, executive director of Jefferson Live!, told the Mail Tribune.</p><br>
<p>The Red Cross Canteen in El Reno, Oklahoma is a small wooden structure located east of the Rock Island Depot. Built by volunteer labor with telegraph poles donated by the Rock Island Railroad, the facility opened on August 1, 1918 just south of the railroad station as an American Red Cross commissary to serve troop trains that stopped in El Reno during World War I.</p><br>
<p>After the end of the war, the building was moved to Legion Park, where it served as a Boy Scout cabin for many years. After falling into disrepair during the 1960s, the building was moved back near its original location and restored as a Bicentennial project in 1975. It currently contains exhibits and memorabilia from the World War I era as well as historical information about the county&#39;s Red Cross chapter.</p><br>
<p>Warfields Range also known as Philla Terra and Dr. Thomas Chew Warfields Homestead is a historic slave plantation home located between Laurel and Columbia Howard County, Maryland</p><br>
<p>On 26 March 1696, Richard and John Warfield surveyed a 1,080 acre land patent named "Warfields Range" along with others that totalled 1,862 acres. A log cabin was built onsite during this time which survived until 2001. In 1703, Richard Warfiled granted 150 acres of Warfields Range including the cabin to his daughter Rachel Warfield Yates. In 1765, 240 acres of the range were inherited by Benjamin Warfield&#39;s son Joshua Warfield. In 1845 Thomas Chew Worthington updated the log cabin interior with random width wood floors.</p><br>
<p>After Peter Gorman completed his railroad contract, he purchased the 500 acre estate "Fairview" in North Laurel from Dr. Charles Griffith Worthington. The property was part of "Warfileds Range", containing the 1696 log cabin that survived until an arson fire in 2001 when relocated to accommodate the "Warfields Range" development.</p><br>
<p>The Governor H. Rex Lee Auditorium, also called Fale Laumei  in Samoan, is the largest indoor meeting space in the United States territory of American Samoa. It is located in the village of Utulei, surrounded by other government buildings. The main body of the building is a roughly ovoid structure, with a curved roof  that is reminiscent of the thatch roofs of traditional Samoan structures. The auditorium was built in 1962 under orders from Governor Hyrum Rex Lee as part of a major initiative to modernize the territorys infrastructure and facilities. It was built by a construction squadron of the United States Navy, and was completed in time for the 1962 South Pacific Conference. It was later named in honor of Lee, who was the territorys longest-serving governor, and oversaw much of its modernization.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. It was built to house the delegates of the 1962 South Pacific Conference. The structure would later be known as Fale Laumei (Turtle House).</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas II is a historic snagboat, berthed on the Arkansas River in North Little Rock, Arkansas. She is a steel-hulled sternwheeler, with two decks. The lower deck has a steel-frame cabin, while that on the second deck is wood-frame. A wood-frame pilot house rises above the second deck. The paddlewheel has a steel frame and wooden buckets. The vehicle is utilitarian in appearance, lacking significant decoration. The hull was built in 1939-40 by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and it was outfitted at the Ensley Bottoms shipyard of the United States Army Corps of Engineers  at Memphis, Tennessee. It is believed to be the last steam-powered paddle-wheeler built by the USACE.</p><br>
<p>The boat was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
